Research, Development, and Application of Methods to Update Freight Analysis Framework Out-of-Scope Commodity Flow Data and Truck Payload Factors

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U.S. Department of Transportation
Federal Highway Administration
Office of Operations
1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE
Washington, DC 20590
ops.fhwa.dot.gov

April 2020
FHWA-HOP-20-011

Table of Contents

[ Foreword ] | [ Notice and Quality Assurance Statement ] | [ Technical Report Documentation Page ] | [ SI (Modern Metric) Conversion Factors ] | [ List of Acronyms ]

Chapter 1. Introduction

Out of Scope Commodities

Truck Payload Factors

Chapter 2. Existing Freight Analysis Framework Version 4 Commodity Flow Survey Out-of-Scope Methods

Farm-Based Shipments

Fisheries

Logging

Municipal Solid Waste and Construction and Demolition Debris

Retail

Services

Household and Business Moves

Crude Petroleum

Natural Gas

Foreign Trade

Summary

Chapter 3. Review of Alternative Commodity Flow Survey Out-of-Scope Methods

Farm-Based Shipments

Logging

Municipal Solid Waste

Crude Petroleum

Natural Gas

Summary of Alternative Commodity Flow Survey Out-of-Scope Methods

Chapter 4. Summary of Findings and Approaches for Improvement

Approaches for Further Testing and Implementation

Chapter 5. Implementation Overview

Background

Opportunities for Alternative Approaches

Chapter 6. Farm-Based Shipments of Corn

Methodological Approach

Results

Chapter 7. Farm-Based Shipments of Chickens

Methodological Approach

Results

Chapter 8. Logs

Methodological Approach

Results

Chapter 9. Fish

Methodological Approach

Results

Chapter 10. Existing Freight Analysis Framework 4 Truck Payload Factors Methods

Chapter 11. Review of Alternative Truck Payload Factors Methods

Freight Analysis Framework 2 Method

Freight Analysis Framework 3 and 4 Method

2002 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey Revisited

California Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey

Weigh-in-Motion Alone

Weigh-in-Motion with Loop Inferences

Weigh-in-Motion with Timestamp Video

Weigh-in-Motion with Enhanced Electronic Clearance/Electronic Logging Devices

Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey Replacement

Canadian Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey

Chapter 12. Proposed Methodology to Revise Payload Factors

Step 1: Revisit 2002 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey

Step 2: Allocation of Tons to Combination Unit and Single Unit Trucks

Step 3: Factoring 2002 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey Truck Payload Factors Using Miles and Tons Growth

Chapter 13. Bundling of commodities and Implementation

Chapter 14. Assignment Result Comparison

Chapter 15. Summary

Out of Scope Commodities

Truck Payload Factors

Appendix A. Agricultural Commodity—Standard Classification of Transported Goods Crosswalk

Agricultural Commodity by Standard Classification of Transported Goods Crosswalk

Appendix B. Trip Length Distributions by Commodity and Zone

Corn

Farm-Based Shipments of Broilers

Farm-Based Shipments of Pullets

Logs

Fish

Appendix C. Crosswalk between Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey Commodity Codes and Standard Classification of Transported Goods 2 Commodities

Appendix D. Example Calculation of Revised Payload Factors

Appendix E. Query for Consumer Durable Goods Table

List of Figures

Figure 1. Flow chart. Methodology for farm-based shipments.

Figure 2. Sample chart. Market value of agricultural products sold including direct sales: 2012 and 2007.

Figure 3. Sample chart. Selected crops harvested: 2012.

Figure 4. Sample chart. Conversion factors.

Figure 5. Sample chart. Selected crops harvested: 2012—State of Georgia example.

Figure 6. Sample chart. Example of commercial fishery landings at major U.S. ports.

Figure 7. Flow chart. Methodology for fishery shipments.

Figure 8. Sample chart. Core Table 5: Volume of industrial timber harvested by county, timber product, and major species group—California.

Figure 9. Flowchart. Methodology for logging shipments.

Figure 10. Sample chart. Disposal information on municipal solid waste landfills in Mississippi.

Figure 11. Example survey. BioCycle state of garbage survey.

Figure 12. Sample chart. Example of municipal solid waste data from the Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Fact Sheet.

Figure 13. Flow chart. Methodology for municipal solid waste shipments.

Figure 14. Flow chart. Methodology for construction and demolition shipments.

Figure 15. Sample chart. Example of county business patterns data.

Figure 16. Flow chart. Methodology for retail shipments.

Figure 17. Flow chart. Methodology for service shipments.

Figure 18. Flow chart. Methodology for household and business moves.

Figure 19. Sample chart. Example record of American Community Survey county migration flows.

Figure 20. Sample chart. Movements of crude oil by rail.

Figure 21. Sample chart. Company level imports.

Figure 22. Flow chart. Methodology for crude petroleum shipments.

Figure 23. Sample chart. Interstate movements and movements across U.S. borders of natural gas.

Figure 24. Sample chart. Additions to and withdrawals from gas storage by State.

Figure 25. Sample chart. Natural gas imports by point of entry.

Figure 26. Sample chart. Summary of natural gas exports.

Figure 27. Flow chart. Summary of natural gas exports.

Figure 28. Sample chart. Example tabulation of foreign trade data.

Figure 29. Flow chart. Methodology for foreign trade shipments.

Figure 30. Map. U.S. liquefied natural gas facilities with natural gas pipeline network.

Figure 31. Map. Net interstate natural gas movements.

Figure 32. Map. Gross interstate natural gas movements by truck in 2016.

Figure 33. Map. Gross liquefied natural gas movements by State (truck, 2016).

Figure 34. Map. Liquefied natural gas truck movements between regions in 2016.

Figure 35. Equation. Gravity model.

Figure 36. Equation. Impedance function.

Figure 37. Flow chart. Framework for out-of-scope corn farm-based shipments.

Figure 38. Map. Tons of shelled corn produced at the county level.

Figure 39. Map. Tons of shelled corn attracted at the county level.

Figure 40. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for farm-based shipments of corn in the Heartland zone.

Figure 41. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for farm-based shipments of corn in the contiguous U.S.

Figure 42. Flow chart. Framework for out-of-scope farm-based shipments of broilers—hatchery to farm.

Figure 43. Flow chart. Framework for out-of-scope farm-based shipments of broilers—farm to processing.

Figure 44. Flow chart. Framework for out-of-scope farm-based shipments of pullets—hatchery to farm.

Figure 45. Map. Tons of broilers produced at the county level.

Figure 46. Map. Tons of broilers attracted at the county level for hatchery-to-farm movements.

Figure 47. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for hatchery-to-farm farm-based shipments of broilers for the remainder of Georgia freight analysis framework version 4 zone.

Figure 48. Map. Tons of broilers attracted at the county level for farm-to-processing movements.

Figure 49. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for farm-to-processing farm-based shipments of broilers for the Southeast production-consumption zone.

Figure 50. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for all hatchery-to-farm farm-based shipments of broilers in the contiguous U.S.

Figure 51. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for all farm-to-processing farm-based shipments of broilers in the contiguous U.S.

Figure 52. Map. Tons of pullets produced at the county level.

Figure 53. Map. Tons of pullets attracted at the county level for hatchery-to-farm movements.

Figure 54. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for all hatchery-to-farm farm-based shipments of pullets in the Southeast zone.

Figure 55. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for all hatchery-to-farm farm-based shipments of pullets in the contiguous U.S.

Figure 56. Flow chart. Framework for out-of-scope log shipments.

Figure 57. Map. Tons of logs produced at the county level.

Figure 58. Map. Tons of logs attracted at the county level.

Figure 59. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for logs in the Northeast production-consumption zone.

Figure 60. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for logs in the contiguous U.S.

Figure 61. Flow chart. Framework for out-of-scope fish shipments.

Figure 62. Map. Tons of fish landed (produced) at the county level.

Figure 63. Map. Tons of fish attracted at the county level.

Figure 64. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for fish in the Boston-Worcester-Providence, Massachusetts-Rhode Island-New Hampshire-Connecticut commodity flow survey area (Massachusetts Part) freight analysis framework version 4 zone.

Figure 65. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for fish in the contiguous U.S.

Figure 66. Flow chart. Freight analysis framework version 4 truck conversion flow diagram.

Figure 67. Illustration. Vehicle inventory and use survey truck configurations.

Figure 68. Equation. Ton miles by commodity.

Figure 69. Equation. Payload factors by size, year, commodity.

Figure 70. Equation. Loaded miles (2002).

Figure 71. Equation. Ton miles (2002).

Figure 72. Equation. Combined single unit/combined unit payload factors.

Figure 73. Equation. Single unit miles.

Figure 74. Equation. Combination unit miles.

Figure 75. Equation. Single unit ton miles.

Figure 76. Equation. Combination unit ton miles.

Figure 77. Equation. Single unit payload factors.

Figure 78. Equation. Combination unit payload factors.

Figure 79. Equation. Single unit/combination unit payload factors.

Figure 80. Equation. Single unit/combination unit payload factors (expanded form).

Figure 81. Bar chart. Comparison with current truck trip tables.

Figure 82. Bar graph. Distribution of shipment distances for farm-based shipments of corn for the Southeast production-consumption zone.

Figure 83. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for farm-based shipments of corn for the Southwest production-consumption zone.

Figure 84. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for farm-based shipments of corn for the Northeast production-consumption zone.

Figure 85. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for farm-based shipments of corn for the Heartland production-consumption zone.

Figure 86. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for farm-based shipments of corn for the Mountain production-consumption zone.

Figure 87. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for farm-based shipments of corn for the West production-consumption zone.

Figure 88. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for hatchery-to-farm farm-based shipments of broilers for the Southeast production-consumption zone.

Figure 89. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for hatchery-to-farm farm-based shipments of broilers for the South Central production-consumption zone.

Figure 90. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for hatchery-to-farm farm-based shipments of broilers for the Northeast production-consumption zone.

Figure 91. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for hatchery-to-farm farm-based shipments of broilers for the North Central production-consumption zone.

Figure 92. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for hatchery-to-farm farm-based shipments of broilers for the Great Plains production-consumption zone.

Figure 93. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for hatchery-to-farm farm-based shipments of broilers for the Intermountain production-consumption zone.

Figure 94. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for hatchery-to-farm farm-based shipments of broilers for the Pacific Northwest production-consumption zone.

Figure 95. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for hatchery-to-farm farm-based shipments of broilers for the California production-consumption zone.

Figure 96. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for farm-to-processing farm-based shipments of broilers for the Southeast production-consumption zone.

Figure 97. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for farm-to-processing farm-based shipments of broilers for the South Central production-consumption zone.

Figure 98. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for farm-to-processing farm-based shipments of broilers for the Northeast production-consumption zone.

Figure 99. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for farm-to-processing farm-based shipments of broilers for the North Central production-consumption zone.

Figure 100. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for farm-to-processing farm-based shipments of broilers for the Great Plains production-consumption zone.

Figure 101. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for farm-to-processing farm-based shipments of broilers for the Intermountain production-consumption zone.

Figure 102. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for farm-to-processing farm-based shipments of broilers for the Pacific Northwest production-consumption zone.

Figure 103. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for farm-to-processing farm-based shipments of broilers for the California production-consumption zone.

Figure 104. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for hatchery-to-farm farm-based shipments of pullets for the Southeast production-consumption zone.

Figure 105. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for hatchery-to-farm farm-based shipments of pullets for the South Central production-consumption zone.

Figure 106. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for hatchery-to-farm farm-based shipments of pullets for the Northeast production-consumption zone.

Figure 107. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for hatchery-to-farm farm-based shipments of pullets for the North Central production-consumption zone.

Figure 108. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for hatchery-to-farm farm-based shipments of pullets for the Great Plains production-consumption zone.

Figure 109. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for hatchery-to-farm farm-based shipments of pullets for the Intermountain production-consumption zone.

Figure 110. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for hatchery-to-farm farm-based shipments of pullets for the Pacific Northwest production-consumption zone.

Figure 111. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for hatchery-to-farm farm-based shipments of pullets for the California production-consumption zone.

Figure 112. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for logs for the Southeast production-consumption zone.

Figure 113. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for logs for the South Central production-consumption zone.

Figure 114. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for logs for the Northeast production-consumption zone.

Figure 115. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for logs for the North Central production-consumption zone.

Figure 116. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for logs for the Great Plains production-consumption zone.

Figure 117. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for logs for the Intermountain production-consumption zone.

Figure 118. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for logs for the Pacific Northwest production-consumption zone.

Figure 119. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for logs for the California production-consumption zone.

Figure 120. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for fish in the Coastal Southeast production-consumption zone.

Figure 121. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for fish in the Gulf Coast production-consumption zone.

Figure 122. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for fish in the Northeast production-consumption zone.

Figure 123. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for fish in the Great Lakes production-consumption zone.

Figure 124. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for fish in the Pacific Northwest production-consumption zone.

Figure 125. Bar chart. Distribution of shipment distances for fish in the California production-consumption zone.

List of Tables

Table 1. National total for farm-based agricultural shipments in 2012.

Table 2. Stumpage prices—Northeast, dollars per thousand board feet (mbf) international ¼.

Table 3. National total for farm-based agricultural shipments in 2012.

Table 4. Example of household flow calculation.

Table 5. Current-cost net stock of consumer durable goods (billions of dollars; year-end estimates).

Table 6. Example value-to-weight factor from 2012 commodity flow survey public use microdata.

Table 7. County business patterns payroll data for Texas, 2016 (North American Industry Classification System 211111).

Table 8. Summary of out-of-scope data sources.

Table 9. Summary of out-of-scope commodity methodologies.

Table 10. Total tonnage and value of out-of-scope shipments.

Table 11. Elements of the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration liquefied natural gas commodity flow framework.

Table 12. Alternative out-of-scope methodologies.

Table 13. Limitations and opportunities for improvement in current out-of-scope methods.

Table 14. Limitations and opportunities for improvement in current out-of-scope methods.

Table 15. States by zone for corn.

Table 16. Results for the remainder of Illinois freight analysis framework version 4 zone.

Table 17. States by zone for chickens.

Table 18. Broilers hatched in 2017.

Table 19. Hatchery-to-farm results for broilers for the remainder of Georgia freight analysis framework version 4 zone.

Table 20. Farm-to-processing results for the remainder of Georgia freight analysis framework version 4 zone.

Table 21. Hatchery-to-farm results for pullets for the remainder of Georgia freight analysis framework version 4 zone.

Table 22. States by zone for logs.

Table 23. Logs production estimates by region.

Table 24. Results for the remainder of Pennsylvania freight analysis framework version 4 zone.

Table 25. States by zone for fish.

Table 26. Fish production estimates by region.

Table 27. Results for the Boston-Worcester-Providence, Massachusetts-Rhode Island-New Hampshire-Connecticut commodity flow survey Area (Massachusetts Part) freight analysis framework version 4 zone.

Table 28. Vehicle inventory and use survey truck configurations.

Table 29. Freight analysis framework/vehicle inventory and use survey truck body types.

Table 30. Freight analysis framework/vehicle inventory and use survey truck allocation factors.

Table 31. Vehicle inventory and use survey strata.

Table 32. Adjusted freight analysis framework version 4 truck payload factors including a default empty truck weight by standard classification of transported goods 2 commodity.

Table 33. Current and alternative methods.

Table 34. 2002 vehicle inventory and use survey ton miles (in billions) by standard classification of transported goods 2 commodity and by truck size.

Table 35. 2002 vehicle inventory and use survey miles (in billions) by standard classification of transported goods 2 commodity and by truck size.

Table 36. 2002 vehicle inventory and use survey tons per truck by standard classification of transported goods 2 commodity and by truck size.

Table 37. California statewide freight forecasting model and standard classification of transported goods 2 commodity groups.

Table 38. California statewide freight forecasting model payloads by truck gross vehicle weight.

Table 39. Comparison of 2002 U.S. vehicle inventory and use survey and California vehicle inventory and use survey payload factors.

Table 40. Single unit and combination unit ton-miles by standard classification of transported goods 2 from 2002 U.S. vehicle inventory and use survey.

Table 41. Vehicle miles traveled growth in single unit and combination unit trucks.

Table 42. Weigh-in-motion estimated payloads.

Table 43. Proposed freight analysis framework version 4 payload factors (2012).

Table 44. Proposed freight analysis framework version 4 payload factors (2017).

Table 45. Bundling of commodities by selected applications.

Table 46. Commodity flow survey bundling of standard classification of transported goods 2 commodities.

Table 47. 2002 Payloads for an example bundle.

Table 48. Payloads, tons per truck, for 2002 commodity flow survey bundles.

Table 49. 2002 allocation of total tons to single unit and combination unit trucks for commodity flow survey bundles.

Table 50. Payloads and total tons allocations to single unit and combination unit trucks for commodity flow survey bundles (2012, 2017).

Table 51. Proposed commodity bundles.

Table 52. Proposed commodity bundles: payload factors and share of ton-miles.

Table 53. Crosswalk of out-of-scope commodity and establishment North American industry classification system code.

Table 54. Crosswalk between vehicle inventory and use survey and standard classification of transported goods.

Table 55. 2002 vehicle inventory and use survey results for standard classification of transported goods 20.

Table 56. Ratio of miles and weights 2012 to 2002.

Table 57. 2012 ton-miles, mile and share of ton-miles.

Table 58. Standard classification of transported goods 20 2012 truck payload factor for single unit, combination unit and combined combination unit and single unit trucks.