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Best Practices in Traffic Incident Management
September 2010

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REFERENCES

  1. National Traffic Incident Management Coalition. NTIMC Website. http://timcoalition.org/?siteid=41. 2010.
  2. ITS Deployment Survey. ITS Deployment Survey Website. http://www.itsdeployment.its.dot.gov. 2008.
  3. Kolb, Stephanie L., Elizabeth N. Williams, and Karl R. Alff. “Evaluation of Georgia’s Emergency Motorist Aid Call Box Pilot Project.” Paper presented at the 10th Annual ITS America Meeting. Boston, MA. May 2000.
  4. Kolb, Stephanie L. “Georgia’s Call Box Project: Evaluation and Future Deployment Recommendations.” Paper presented at the 11th Annual ITS America Meeting. Miami, FL. June 2001.
  5. Bachman, L. R., and G. R. Preziotti. Automated Collision Notification (ACN) Field Operational Test (FOT) Evaluation Report. Report No. DOT-HS-809-304. EDL No. 13830. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Washington, DC. February 2001.
  6. Delcan Corporation. Traffic Incident Management Teams Best Practice Report. I-95 Corridor Coalition. March 2010.
  7. COMSIS Corporation. CHART Incident Response Evaluation Final Report. EDL No.10004. http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/10004.pdf. May 1996.
  8. Ohio Department of Transportation. Ohio QuickClear: Professional Responders Guide for Safe and Effective Highway Incident Management. http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/HighwayOps/Traffic/publications2/Ohioquickclear/Documents/Ohio%20QuickClear_Oct007.pdf. October 2007.
  9. Tennessee Department of Transportation and Vanderbilt Center for Transportation Research. Strategic Plan for Highway Incident Management in Tennessee. http://www.tdot.state.tn.us/incident/CompleteIMPlan.pdf. Office of Incident Management—Transportation Management Center and Vanderbilt University. Nashville, TN. August 2003.
  10. Schnell, Thomas, Jeffrey Konz, and Michael Pack. Reference Location Sign Study: Phase II Survey, TarVIP Analysis, and Field Validation. I-95 Corridor Coalition. April 2008.
  11. U.S. Department of Transportation. Next Generation 9-1-1 System Initiative—Final System Design. http://www.its.dot.gov/ng911/pubs/USDOT_NG911_FINAL_System_Design.htm. February 2009.
  12. U.S. Department of Transportation. Next Generation 9-1-1 System Initiative—Transition Plan. http://www.its.dot.gov/ng911/pubs/USDOT_NG911_Transition_Plan_2009.htm. February 2009.
  13. Croteau, Roger. “New 911 System Aims to Handle Latest Technology.” San Antonio Express-News. February 16, 2009.
  14. 5-1-1 Deployment Coalition. 511 Usage Statistics. http://www.deploy511.org/usage.html. 2008.
  15. Dudek, Conrad L. Changeable Message Sign Operation and Messaging Handbook. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington, DC. August 2004.
  16. Texas Transportation Institute. Incident Management Response Guide for I-35. Austin District and San Antonio District, Texas Department of Transportation. August 2009.
  17. Washington State Department of Transportation. Incident Response Strategic Initiatives. November 19, 2007.
  18. Dunn, W. M., and S. P. Latoski. NCHRP Synthesis of Highway Practice 318: Safe and Quick Clearance of Traffic Incidents. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council. Washington, DC. 2003.
  19. National Traffic Incident Management Coalition. Safe, Quick Clearance. 2006.
  20. Dahnke, Robert, Tim Lomax, Robert Stein, and Benjamin Stevenson. SafeClear Performance Report 2008. Rice University and Texas Transportation Institute, The Texas A&M University System. Executive Summary. 2009.
  21. Benton, Ben. “Tennessee Service to Test Satellite-Linked Ambulance Laptops.” Chattanooga Times Free Press. December 31, 2007.
  22. Taylor, Steven T. “Helping Americans.” ITS World. January 1997.
  23. Howell, Donna. “Mapping Technology at Heart of Hospital Crisis Management Fast Patient Transport: Geographic Information System Technology Aids Emergency, Trauma Units.” Investor’s Business Daily. October 23, 2008.
  24. Bureau of Labor Statistics. “Occupation by Transportation Incidents and Homicides 2003-2007.” Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI)—Current and Revised Data. 2008.
  25. Towing and Recovery Association of America. Survivor Fund Website. http://www.thesurvivorfund.com/need.php. 2008.
  26. National Conference on Traffic Incident Management. Conference Proceedings. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, ITS America, and Federal Highway Administration. Irvine, CA. June 2002.
  27. Schrank, D., and T. Lomax. 2007 Urban Mobility Report. Texas Transportation Institute, The Texas A&M University System. College Station, TX. September 2007.
  28. Smith, B. L., L. Qin, and R. Venkatanarayana. “Characterization of Freeway Capacity Reduction Resulting from Traffic Accidents.” Journal of Transportation Engineering. Vol. 129, No. 4. July/August 2003. pp. 362-368.
  29. Transportation Research Board. Highway Capacity Manual 2000. National Research Council. Washington, DC. 2003.
  30. Ang-Olson, Jeffrey, and Steve Latoski. Simplified Guide to the ICS for Transportation Professionals. FHWA-HOP-06-004. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington, DC. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/ics_guide/ics_guide.pdf. February 2006.
  31. Phoenix Fire Department. Phoenix Regional Standard Operating Procedures: Freeway Response. http://www.iafc.org/associations/4685/files/AZ%20-%20Freeway%20SOP.pdf. December 1998.
  32. West Metro Fire and Rescue. Standard Operating Procedure: Highway Incident Scene Protection. http://www.iafc.org/associations/4685/files/CO%20-%20Highway%20Placement%20SOP.pdf. January 2006.
  33. Urbandale Fire Department. Roadway Incident “Cue Card.” http://www.iafc.org/associations/4685/files/IA%20-%20Roadway%20Incident%20Cue%20Card.doc. 2010.
  34. City of Lancaster Fire Department. Standard Operating Guideline: Traffic and Highway Safety. http://www.iafc.org/associations/4685/files/safetyWkResVehSOP%5FTX%2DSOG%2DF%2D05TrafficAndHighwaySafety%2Epdf. March 2005.
  35. Farmington Hills Fire Department. Safety Procedure. http://www.iafc.org/associations/4685/files/MI%20-%20Emergency%20Scene%20Traffic%20Management.pdf. April 2006.
  36. U.S. Fire Administration and International Fire Service Training Association. Emergency Vehicle Visibility and Conspicuity Study. FA-323.U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Washington, DC. August 2009.
  37. Federal Highway Administration. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways. 2009 Edition. U.S. Department of Transportation. https://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/pdfs/2009/mutcd2009edition.pdf. December 2009.
  38. Eagle Valley Enterprise. Ambulance District Goes for Maximum Visibility with New Safety Program. October 8, 2008.
  39. Carson, Jodi L. Traffic Incident Management Quick Clearance Laws: A National Review of Best Practices. FHWA-HOP-09-005. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington, DC. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop09005/index.htm. December 2008.
  40. Federal Highway Administration. Educational Outreach for Safe, Quick Clearance (SQC) Laws and Policies. FHWA-HOP-10-012. U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington, DC. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop10012/tim_sqc.pdf. February 2010.
  41. Logi, F., and S. G. Ritchie. “Development and Evaluation of a Knowledge-Based System for Traffic Congestion Management and Control.” Transportation Research. Vol. 9C, No. 6. December 2001.
  42. Dunn Engineering Associates. Alternate Route Handbook. FHWA-HOP-06-092. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington, DC. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/ar_handbook/. May 2006.
  43. I-95 Corridor Coalition. Coordinated Incident Management Toolkit for Quick Clearance. April 2007.
  44. Hamlin, C., R. Fries, M. Chowdhury, Y. Ma, and K. Ozbay. “Incident ‘Quick Clearance’ Legislation: Will It Effectively Reduce Congestion?” Paper #07-3349. Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting. January 2007.
  45. Arnold, Robert. Freeway Safety Service/Motorist Assistance Patrol Sponsorship Programs Memorandum. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington, DC. April 2008.
  46. Baird, Malcolm. Freeway Service Patrols: Overview of Survey Results. Preliminary Results. Vanderbilt Center for Transportation Research. Nashville, TN. July 2008.
  47. Fenno, David W., and Michael A. Ogden. “Freeway Service Patrols: A State of the Practice.” Paper submitted to the 1998 Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting. November 1997.
  48. Chang, Gang-Len, Ying Liu, Pei Wei Lin, Nan Zou, and Jean Yves Point-Du-Jour. Performance Evaluation of CHART (Coordinated Highways Action Response Team) Year 2002. Final Report. Maryland State Highway Administration. November 2003.
  49. Perrin, Joseph, Rodrigo Disegni, and Bhargava Rama. Advanced Transportation Management System Elemental Cost Benefit Assessment. Utah Department of Transportation and U.S. Department of Transportation. March 2004.
  50. Minnesota Department of Transportation. Highway Helper Summary Report—Twin Cities Metro Area. Report No. TMC 07450-0394. July 1994.
  51. Bertini, Robert L., Sutti Tantiyanugulchai, Edward Anderson, Roger Lindgren, and Monica Leal. Evaluation of Region 2 Incident Response Program Using Archived Data. PSU-CE-TRG-01-01. Oregon Department of Transportation. June 2001.
  52. Dumke, Lisa R., and Terrence E. Doyle. “Intelligent Transportation Systems in Work Zones: Leveraging the Internet and Wireless Communications.” Paper presented at the 11th Annual ITS America Meeting. Miami, FL. June 2001.
  53. Guin, Angshuman, Christopher Porter, Bayne Smith, and Carla Holmes. Benefits Analysis for the Georgia Department of Transportation NaviGAtor Program. Final Report. Georgia Department of Transportation. August 2006.
  54. Latoski, S., Raktim Pal, and Kumares Sinha. “Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation of Hoosier Helper Freeway Service Patrol.” Journal of Transportation Engineering. Vol. 125, No. 5. September/October 1999.
  55. Hagen, Larry, Huaguo Zhou, and Harkanwal Singh. Road Ranger Benefit Cost Analysis. Florida Department of Transportation. November 2005.
  56. Houston, Nancy, Craig Baldwin, Andrea Vann Easton, Steve Cyra, Marc Hustad, and Katie Belmore. Service Patrol Handbook. FHWA-HOP-08-031. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington, DC. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop08031/ffsp_handbook.pdf. July 2008.
  57. Houston TranStar. Steer It, Clear It Website. http://www.houstontranstar.org/sici.aspx. May 2010.
  58. Indiana Department of Transportation. Traffic Incident Management Effort Website. http://www.indianaquickclearance.org/index.php. 2010.
  59. National Traffic Incident Management Coalition. Benefits of Traffic Incident Management. 2006.
  60. PB Farradyne. Guidelines for the Mitigation of Accidental Discharges of Motor Vehicle Fluids (Non-cargo). Florida Department of Transportation. February 2004.
  61. Minnesota Incident Management Coordination Team. Traffic Incident Management Recommended Operational Guidelines. Minnesota Department of Transportation. March 2002.
  62. North Central Texas Council of Governments. Photogrammetry Training Website. http://www.nctcog.org/trans/safety/PhotogramTrng.asp. 2010.
  63. Florida Department of Transportation. “Florida’s Turnpike Enterprise Takes Proactive RISC in Incident Management.” The SunGuide Disseminator. May 2005.
  64. Smith, Arland T. “What Is TRIP?” Presentation at the ITS GA-TIME Conference. Savanna, GA. October 2008.
  65. Salmon, David A. “New York’s Traffic Incident Management and Targeted Traffic Enforcement Efforts.” The Police Chief. Vol. LXXVI, No. 8. August 2009.
  66. National Traffic Incident Management Coalition. Example Strategies for Building Stronger State Traffic Incident Management Programs. 2006.
  67. Federal Highway Administration Traffic Incident Management Program. Traffic Incident Management Website. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/eto_tim_pse/about/tim.htm. 2008.
  68. Metro Atlanta Traffic Incident Management Enhancement (TIME) Task Force, Inc. TIME Task Force, Inc., Website. http://timetaskforce.com/index.html. 2010.
  69. Southeast Michigan Council of Governments. SEMCOG Website. http://www.semcog.org/RegionalOperations_AdditionalMaterials.aspx. 2010.
  70. Washington Traffic Incident Management Coalition. WaTIMCo Website. http://www.watimcoalition.org/. 2010.
  71. Wisconsin Department of Transportation. Traffic Incident Management Enhancement (TIME) Program Website. http://www.dot.wisconsin.gov/travel/stoc/time.htm. 2010.
  72. Sullivan, Jack. “The Benefits of Traffic Incident Management Committees.” IAFC On Scene. November 15, 2009.
  73. Washington State Patrol and Washington State Department of Transportation. A Joint Operations Policy Statement. February 13, 2002.
  74. Careless, James. “Chicago’s OEMC: A Unified Approach to First Response.” EMS Product News. May 2007.
  75. National Traffic Incident Management Coalition. Multidisciplinary Core Competencies. February 2008.
  76. Department of Homeland Security. NIMS resource Center Website. http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/NIMSTrainingCourses. 2010.
  77. Consortium for ITS Training and Education. Training On-Line Website. http://www.citeconsortium.org/courses/1mod8.html. 2010.
  78. U.S. Fire Administration and U.S. Department of Transportation. Traffic Incident Management Systems. http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/tims_0408.pdf. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. April 2008.
  79. National Fire Service Incident Management System (IMS) Consortium. Incident Command System Model Procedures Guide for Incidents Involving Structural Fire Fighting, High Rise, Multi Casualty, Highway, & Managing Large-Scale Incidents Using NIMS-ICS. First Edition. Oklahoma State University. Stillwater, OK. 2008.
  80. National Traffic Incident Management Coalition. Community of Practice (COP) Website. http://timexchange.org/inc/inc.nsf/home. 2010.
  81. Cumberland Valley Volunteer Firemen’s Association Emergency Responder Safety Institute. ResponderSafety.com Website. www.respondersafety.com. 2010.
  82. International Association of Chiefs of Police. IACP Technology Clearinghouse Website. http://www.iacptechnology.org/. 2009.
  83. International Association of Fire Chiefs. IAFC Vehicle Safety Resources Website. http://www.iafc.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=413. 2009.
  84. Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission. Incident Management Website. http://www.dvrpc.org/Operations/IncidentManagement.htm. 2010.
  85. Florida Department of Transportation. District 1 Project Website for Traffic Incident Management Website. http://www.swfltim.org/. 2010.
  86. New York State Department of Transportation. Traffic Incident Management Website. https://www.nysdot.gov/tim. 2010.
  87. Jackson, Sonya. Integrating Safety with Management and Operations: Freeway Incident Management Training. North Central Texas Council of Governments. http://tsp.trb.org/assets/BP07_NCTOG_Final.pdf. 2006.
  88. Clark, Paul. “TIM in ’10—Training All Responders.” The SunGuide Disseminator. Florida Department of Transportation. http://www.dot.state.fl.us/trafficoperations/Newsletters/2009/2009-012-Dec.pdf#page=6. December 2009.
  89. North Florida Transportation Planning Organization. TIMe4Safety Website. http://northfloridatpo.com/index.php?id=25. 2010.
  90. O’Laughlin, J.B. Arizona Statewide Incident Management Plan. FHWA-AZ00-497. Arizona Department of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000.
  91. Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission. “DVRPC Program Awarded Traffic Engineering and Safety Honor.” Press Release. December 27, 2007.
  92. Cumberland Valley Volunteer Firemen’s Association Emergency Responder Safety Institute. Roadway Incident Safety Checklist. http://www.iafc.org/associations/4685/files/Roadway_Incident_Safety_Checklist.doc. 2009.
  93. Birenbaum, Ingrid, Charles Creel, and Sally G. Wegmann. Traffic Control Concepts for Incident Clearance Primer. FHWA-HOP-08-057. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington, DC. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop08057/fhwahop08057.pdf. January 2009.
  94. National Institute of Justice. InShort Fact Sheet: Public Safety Communications and Interoperability. http://www.iacptechnology.org/Communications/PublicSafety_Comm_and_Interoperability.pdf. May 2007.
  95. National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center. Guide to Radio Communications Interoperability Strategies and Products. Report No. TE-02-02. AGILE: Interoperability Strategies for Public Safety, National Institute of Justice. April 2003.
  96. Southeast Wisconsin Communications Resource/Support Group. Southeast Wisconsin Communications Resource/Support Group Website. http://www.sewcrsg.org/index.html. 2010.
  97. Careless, James. “Innovative Interoperability Answers.” EMS Product News. March 2008.
  98. Klotz Associates, Inc., Consensus Systems Technologies, and SubCarrier Systems Corporation. Guide for Implementing IEEE Std 1512™ Using a Systems Engineering Process. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Washington, DC. November 4, 2008.
  99. Intelligent Transportation Systems Transportation and Public Safety Information Exchange Project. ITS Transportation and Public Safety Information Exchange Project Website. http://www.its.dot.gov/PS_Transinfoexchange.htm. Research and Innovative Technology Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. 2009.
  100. Law Enforcement Information Technology Standards Council. Standard Functional Specifications for Law Enforcement Computer Aided Dispatch (CAD) Systems. http://www.iacptechnology.org/LEITSC/Law_Enforcement_CAD.pdf. Bureau of Justice Assistance, U.S. Department of Justice and the National Institute of Justice. 2003.
  101. Balke, Kevin N., David W. Fenno, and Brooke Ullman. Incident Management Performance Measures. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington, DC. November 2002.
  102. Federal Highway Administration. TIM Performance Measurement Knowledgebase Website. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/eto_tim_pse/preparedness/tim/knowledgebase/index.htm. 2010.
  103. Owens, Nicholas D., April H. Armstrong, Carol Mitchell, and Rebecca Brewster. Federal Highway Administration Focus States Initiative: Traffic Incident Management Performance Measures Final Report. FHWA-HOP-10-010. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington, DC. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop10010/fhwahop10010.pdf. December 2009.
  104. Federal Highway Administration. Traffic Incident Management (TIM) Performance Measurement: On the Road to Success. FHWA-HOP-10-009. U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington, DC. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop10009/tim_fsi.pdf. February 2010.
  105. Federal Highway Administration. Traffic Incident Management (TIM) Performance Measurement Knowledge Management System. FHWA-HOP-10-011. U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington, DC. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop10011/tim_kms.pdf. February 2010.
  106. Federal Highway Administration. Traffic Incident Management Self Assessment. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/eto_tim_pse/preparedness/tim/self.htm. 2010.
  107. Science Applications International Corporation. Computer-Aided Dispatch—Traffic Management Center Field Operational Test Final Report: Washington State. U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington, DC. July 2006
  108. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. Law Enforcement Tech Guide for Information Technology Security: How to Assess Risk and Establish Effective Policies. http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/ric/ResourceDetail.aspx?RID=276. Department of Justice. February 2007.
  109. Owens, Nick, Mark Carter, Chuck Louisell, Robert Haas, Carol Mitchell, Leslie Jacobson, Joel Ticatch, John O’Laughlin, Jason Stribiak, Matthew Seal, and Douglas Parker. Computer-Aided Dispatch—Traffic Management Center Integration Field Operational Test Final Report: State of Utah. ITS Joint Program Office, U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington, DC. July 2006.
  110. Owens, Nick, Mark Carter, Chuck Louisell, Robert Haas, Carol Mitchell, Leslie Jacobson, Joel Ticatch, John O’Laughlin, Jason Stribiak, Matthew Seal, and Douglas Parker. Computer-Aided Dispatch—Traffic Management Center Integration Field Operational Test Final Report: State of Washington. ITS Joint Program Office, U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington, DC. May 2006.
  111. Allred, K. Craig. “CAD and ITS Working in Concert.” Public Roads. November/December 2003.
  112. Brooke, Ken, Kevin Dopart, Ted Smith, and Aimee Flannery. NCHRP Report 520: Sharing Information between Public Safety and Transportation Agencies for Traffic Incident Management. National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board. Washington, DC. 2004.
  113. Business Wire. TriTech Software Systems Releases CAD-to-CAD Interoperability Guide (CIG) to Public Safety Industry. August 4, 2008.
  114. Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations. AMPO Survey Results: Planning and Operations. Washington D.C. December 2003.
  115. Barrett, Monica L., Joseph D. Crabtree, Jerry G. Pigman, and Jennifer R. Walton. Kentucky’s Highway Incident Management Strategic Plan. Kentucky Transportation Center, University of Kentucky and Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. May 2005.
  116. Carson, Jodi L. Austin-Area Incident Management for Highways (AIMHigh) Traffic Incident Management Strategic Plan. Austin, TX. February 2010.
  117. Carson, Jodi L. Traffic Incident Management Resource Management Primer. FHWA-HOP-08-060. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington, DC. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop08060/fhwahop08060.pdf. January 2009.
  118. Pearce, Vincent. Regional Traffic Incident Management Programs: Implementation Guide. FHWA-OP-01-002/FTA-TRI-11-00-03. FHWA ITS Joint Program Office and Federal Transit Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington, DC. May 2001.
  119. National Volunteer Fire Council. National Volunteer Fire Council Cost Savings Calculators Website. http://www.nvfc.org/page/801/Cost_Savings_Calculators.htm. 2010.
  120. Traffic Engineers, Inc. Emergency Response Management System Study. Houston Metropolitan Transit Authority. April 1991.
  121. National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund. National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund Website. http://www.nleomf.org/memorial 2008.
  122. Officer Down Memorial Page, Inc. The Officer Down Memorial Page, Inc. Website. http://www.odmp.org/. 2008.
  123. National Fire Fighter Near-Miss Reporting System. National Fire Fighter Near-Miss Reporting System. Website. http://www.firefighternearmiss.com/. 2008.
  124. Glassco, R., A. Proer, A. Salwin, and K. Wunderlich. Studies of Potential Intelligent Transportation Systems Benefits Using Traffic Simulation Modeling: Volume 2. Report No. MTR 1997-31. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington, DC. June 1997.
  125. Sussman, Joseph. What Have We Learned About ITS? Report No. FHWA-OP-01-006. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington, DC. December 2000.
  126. Hoppers, K. P. Opening HOV Lanes to General Traffic during Major Incidents and Severe Weather Conditions. Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University. College Station, TX. August 1999.
  127. National Task Force on Interoperability. Why Can’t We Talk? Working Together to Bridge the Communications Gap to Save Lives—A Guide for Public Officials. http://www.iacptechnology.org/Communications/WhyCantWeTalk.pdf. February 2005.

September 2010
FHWA-HOP-10-050

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