TRAFFIC INCIDENT MANAGEMENT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

5.0 POTENTIAL EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS AND ASSOCIATED COST SAVINGS

Building upon the hypothetical examples of traffic incident management (TIM) resource management efficiency improvements provided in Chapter 3 and the TIM resource function and cost information provided in Chapter 4, a general estimate of efficiency improvements and associated cost savings could be derived. Lacking from this estimate, however, would be a general indication of the quantity and duration of service/use for respective TIM resources. Hence, a comparative Incident Scenario Survey was conducted to identify disaggregate resource utilization and costs and refine the overall estimate of associated cost savings attributable to TIM resource management efficiency improvements.

A survey instrument was developed that included a description of a common incident scenario set in each jurisdiction’s locale (see Appendix A):

Figure 1. Incident Scenario Survey

Survey respondents were provided a list of common resources by discipline (including personnel, equipment/technology and supplies/materials) used to manage a highway incident and were asked to explicitly list:

1. Who or what resources would be utilized at the scene (including quantity),
2. What role or function would be provided (to support later efforts to identify alternative resources that could effectively and more efficiently provide the same role and function),
3. How long the resources would be in use,
4. What was the typical monetary use rate (i.e., personnel salary, equipment rental), and
5. What are the replacement or backfill costs associated with equipment damage, supply consumption, or personnel injury (see Appendix B).

The survey was distributed to law enforcement, fire and rescue, emergency medical, and transportation personnel in 11 jurisdictions; 5 with highly developed TIM programs and 6 with developing TIM programs identified through the Federal Highway Administration’s (FHWA) TIM Self-assessment Program with a focus on past operational performance. Invited and participating jurisdictions and agencies are summarized in Table 5. In all, 20 completed surveys were received: –six from law enforcement personnel, –five from fire and rescue personnel, –three from EMS personnel, and six transportation personnel. Only two jurisdictions provided complete responses from each of the four agencies—Northern Virginia and Chattanooga, Tennessee.

Table 5. Invited and Participating Incident Scenario Survey TIM Jurisdictions and Agencies

	LAW ENFORCEMENT	FIRE AND RESCUE	EMERGENCY MEDICAL	TRANSPORTATION
HIGHLY DEVELOPED
Ft. Lauderdale, Florida		x		x
Baltimore, Maryland
Minneapolis, Minnesota				x
Northern Virginia	x	x	x	x
Seattle, Washington
DEVELOPING
Little Rock, Arkansas	x			x
Salem, New Hampshire	x	x	x
Albuquerque, New Mexico	x
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma	x	x		x
Scranton, Pennsylvania
Chattanooga, Tennessee	x	x	x	x

Results from the Incident Scenario Survey are detailed in Tables 6 and 7 (personnel utilization and costs), Tables 8 and 9 (equipment and technology utilization and costs), and Tables 10 and 11 (supplies and materials utilization and costs) for highly developed and developing TIM programs, respectively. The observed variability in responses within similar groups (i.e., highly developed and developing TIM programs) and between these same groups as well as observed opportunities for improvements to TIM resource management are described below.

In addition to the sporadic survey responses received from each respective jurisdiction (i.e., receiving surveys from fire and rescue and transportation personnel, but not law enforcement or transportation personnel), missing data and aggregate data (i.e., reporting a single time duration for multiple tasks or functions) challenged the overall analysis of the survey. Nonetheless, these results support the potential for and realization of TIM resource management efficiency improvements in practice.

Observed Variability in TIM Resource Utilization and Costs

At the onset of this investigation, it was assumed that the greatest efficiencies in TIM resource management would be observed in highly developed TIM programs as a result of well-established cooperative and collaborative working relationships among response agencies and well-honed incident response procedures. However, this distinction between highly developed and developing TIM programs was not observed. Instead, significant variability in the quantity and nature of TIM resources utilized in response to a common incident scenario was observed irrespective of the stage of TIM program development.

Incident Duration

As a rudimentary “control” measure, survey respondents were asked to estimate, based on their experience, how long it would take to clear this incident (i.e., from the time of occurrence to the time all lanes are reopened and normal traffic flow resumes). Similar estimates of incident duration, combined with varying levels or types of TIM resources, suggest opportunities for resource management efficiency improvements.

Table 6. TIM Personnel Utilization and Costs – Highly Developed TIM Programs

PERSONNEL	FT. LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA			MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA			NORTHERN VIRGINIA
	Cost ($/hr)	Tasks/ Function	Time (min)	Cost ($/hr)	Tasks/ Function	Time (min)	Cost ($/hr)	Tasks/ Function	Time (min)
Law Enforcement
Trooper/Officer (1)							$35.00	Scene protection	10
								Medical care	5
								Response mobilization	5
								Traffic control	5
								Crash investigation	35
Trooper/Officer (2)							$35.00	Traffic control	30
								Crash investigation	20
								Vehicle/debris removal	10
Fire and Rescue
Driver/Engineer (1) Driver/Engineer (2)	$27.50	Scene protection	20
		Firefighting/extrication	10
		Fuel leak mitigation	10
		Debris removal	10
Firefighter (1) Firefighter (2) Firefighter (3)	$30.00	Medical care	20				$36.81	Scene protection	60-90
								Firefighting	30-60
								Medical care	3-13
		Firefighting/extrication	10					Fuel leak mitigation	NA
Firefighter (4) Firefighter (5) Firefighter (6)		Fuel leak mitigation	10				$36.81	Extrication	15-30
		Debris removal	10
Firefighter (7) Firefighter (8) Firefighter (9)							$36.81	Extrication	15-30
Lieutenant (1) Lieutenant (2)	$31.00	Medical care	20				$43.57	Extrication	1-2
		Firefighting/extrication	10
		Documentation	20
Captain (1)	$35.00	Scene protection	20				$48.47	Scene protection	1-2
		Firefighting/extrication	10					Documentation	NA
Captain (2)		Fuel leak mitigation	10				$48.47	Extrication	1-2
		Debris removal	10
		Medical care	10
		Documentation	5
Captain (3)							$48.47	ICS/NIMS	60-90
Battalion Chief							NA	ICS/NIMS	60-90
Emergency Medical
EMT-Paramedic (1) EMT-Paramedic (2)							$38.89	Scene protection	60-90
								Medical care
								Documentation
Captain							$53.54	ICS/NIMS	60-90
Transportation
Maintenance Supervisor	$17.58	Documentation	30
Service Patrol Operator				$20.00	Scene protection	45	$29.00	Scene protection	15
					Vehicle/debris removal	15		Traffic control
TMC Operator							$30.00	VMS/HAR messages	10
Traffic Signal Operator							NA	Traffic signal control	10

Table 7. TIM Personnel Utilization and Costs – Developing TIM Programs

PERSONNEL	LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS			SALEM, NEW HAMPSHIRE			ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO
	Cost ($/hr)	Tasks/ Function	Time (min)	Cost ($/hr)	Tasks/ Function	Time (min)	Cost ($/hr)	Tasks/ Function	Time (min)
Law Enforcement
Trooper/Officer (1)	$25.00	Medical care	30	$27.00	Scene protection	60	$20.00	Scene protection	180
					Traffic control			Medical care	20
		Crash investigation			Crash investigation			Traffic control	180
		Documentation			Documentation			Crash investigation	60
					Public/media information			Documentation	120
Trooper/Officer (2)	$25.00	Scene protection	30				$20.00	Scene protection	180
								Medical care	20
		Traffic Control						Traffic control	180
		Documentation						Crash investigation	60
								Documentation	120
Trooper/Officer (3)							$20.00	Scene protection	180
								Medical care	20
								Traffic control	180
								Crash investigation	60
								Documentation	120
Sergeant	$30.00	Scene protection	NA				$25.00	Supervision	180
		Public/media information	10
		Supervision	20
Lieutenant							$27.00	Supervision	180
Fire and Rescue
Firefighter (1) Firefighter (2)				$30.00	Scene protection	30
					Firefighting
					Fuel leak mitigation
Firefighter (3) Firefighter (4)				$30.00	Extrication	30
					Medical care
Lieutenant				$40.00	Scene protection	30
					Firefighting/extrication
					Fuel leak mitigation
Captain				$50.00	ICS/NIMS	30
Emergency Medical
EMT-Basic (1) EMT-Basic (2)				$30.00	Medical care	60
EMT-Paramedic				$35.00	Medical care	30
Lieutenant				$45.00	Medical care	60
Transportation
No on-scene transportation response

PERSONNEL	OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA			CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE
	Cost ($/hr)	Tasks/ Function	Time (min)	Cost ($/hr)	Tasks/ Function	Time (min)
Law Enforcement
Trooper/Officer (1)	$29.70	Scene protection	60	$32.00	Response mobilization	5
		Traffic control	10		Crash investigation	15
		Crash investigation	45		Documentation	10
Trooper/Officer (2)	$29.70	Scene protection	60
		Traffic control	30
		Vehicle/debris removal	10
Lieutenant	$32.50	Scene protection	60
		Traffic control	20
		Documentation	20
Fire and Rescue
Firefighter (1)	$26.00	Medical care	20	$30.00	Medical care	15
Firefighter (2)				$34.00	Medical care	15
Firefighter (3)		Extrication	15	$35.00	Scene protection	15
Firefighter (4)		Fuel leak mitigation	10
Firefighter (5)
Firefighter (6)
Lieutenant (1)	$34.00	Firefighting/extrication	45
Lieutenant (2)
Lieutenant (3)		Documentation	45
Lieutenant (4)
Lieutenant (5)
Captain (1)	$38.00	Scene protection	45	$52.00	Medical care	15
					Documentation	10
Captain (2)		Supervision	45
Captain (3)
Battalion Chief	$42.00	ICS/NIMS	45
		Documentation	45
Emergency Medical
EMT-Paramedic (1)				$45.00	Medical care	10
EMT-Paramedic (2)
Transportation
Lead Worker/Technician	$18.00	Scene protection	60
Maintenance Supervisor	$25.50	Supervision	60
Service Patrol Operator (1)				NA	Scene protection	30
					Traffic control
					VMS/HAR messages
Service Patrol Operator (2)				NA	Traffic control Vehicle/debris removal	30

Table 8. TIM Equipment and Technology Utilization and Costs – Highly Developed TIM Programs

EQUIPMENT/ TECHNOLOGY	FT. LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA				MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA				NORTHERN VIRGINIA
	Cost ($)	Life (yrs)	Tasks/ Function	Time (min)	Cost ($)	Life (yrs)	Tasks/ Function	Time (min)	Cost ($)	Life (yrs)	Tasks/ Function	Time (min)
Law Enforcement
Cruiser with Light Bar/Push Bumper (1)									$36,000	3	Scene protection	10
											Medical care	5
											Traffic control	45
Cruiser with Light Bar/Push Bumper (2)									$36,000	3	Traffic control	30
											Crash investigation	20
											Vehicle/debris removal	10
Tape Measure									NA	NA	Crash investigation	20
Fire and Rescue
Truck									$400,000-$600,000	7-10	Scene protection	<60
											Medical care
											Extrication
Engine (1)	NA	NA	Scene protection	40					$350,000	7-10	Scene protection	<60
			Firefighting/extrication	10							Firefighting
			Fuel Leak Mitigation	10							Medical care
			Debris removal	10							Fuel leak mitigation
Engine (2)			Documentation	5
Rescue Vehicle (1)	NA	NA	Medical care	20					$400,000-$600,000	7-10	Extrication	<60
			Extrication	10
Rescue Vehicle (2)			Documentation	20
Hydraulic Tools	NA	NA	Extrication	10
Traffic Cones/Signs	NA	NA	Scene protection	10
			Traffic control
Emergency Medical
Non-transporting Vehicle									$50,000-$75,000	NA	ICS/NIMS	60-90
											Scene protection
Type I Ambulance (Pickup Chassis)									$250,000-$300,000	7-10	Medical care	60-90
											Transport
											Documentation
Transportation
Pickup with Arrow Board/Push Bumper	$21,200	10	Documentation	30	$50,000	3	Scene protection	45	$40,000	3	Scene protection	10
											Traffic control	40
VMS/HAR					NA	NA	VMS/HAR messages	NA
Traffic Cones/Signs									NA	NA	Traffic control	40
Broom					NA	NA	Debris removal	NA
TMC					NA	NA	NA	NA

Table 9. TIM Equipment and Technology Utilization and Costs – Developing TIM Programs

EQUIPMENT/ TECHNOLOGY	LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS				SALEM, NEW HAMPSHIRE				ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO
	Cost ($)	Life (yrs)	Tasks/ Function	Time (min)	Cost ($)	Life (yrs)	Tasks/ Function	Time (min)	Cost ($)	Life (yrs)	Tasks/ Function	Time (min)
Law Enforcement
Motorcycle (1) Motorcycle (2)									$25,000	4	Scene protection	180
											Traffic control
Cruiser with Light Bar/Push Bumper (1)	$45,000	4	Scene protection	10	NA	NA	Scene protection	60	$30,000	7	Scene protection	180
			Traffic control				Traffic control
			Vehicle/debris removal
Cruiser with Light Bar/Push Bumper (2)											Traffic Control
Cruiser with Light Bar/Push Bumper (3)
Laptop Computer	$1,500	3	Crash investigation	30
Other Crash Investigation System									$3,000	5	Crash investigation	30
Traffic Cones/Signs									NA	NA	Scene protection	180
Fire and Rescue
Light-Duty Pickup/SUV					$50,000	5	ICS/NIMS	30
Engine					$500,000	20	Scene protection	30
							Firefighting
							Fuel leak mitigation
Rescue Vehicle					$350,000	20	Extrication	30
							Medical care
Emergency Medical
Non-transporting Vehicle					$50,000	5	Medical care	30
Type I Ambulance (Pickup Chassis)					$200,000	10	Medical care	60
							Transport
Transportation
No on-scene transportation response

 

EQUIPMENT/ TECHNOLOGY	OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA				CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE
	Cost ($)	Life (yrs)	Tasks/ Function	Time (min)	Cost ($)	Life (yrs)	Tasks/ Function	Time (min)
Law Enforcement
Cruiser with Light Bar/Push Bumper	$48,000	3	Scene protection	60	$48,000	4	Scene protection	30
			Traffic control	60
Traffic Cones/Signs	$100	20	Scene protection	60
			Traffic control	60
Tape Measure	$80	10	Crash investigation	10
Camera/Video	$5,000	10	Documentation	45
Fire and Rescue
Light-Duty Pickup/SUV	$50,000	8	ICS/NIMS	45
Engine	$500,000	15	Scene protection	40
			Medical care	25
Rescue Vehicle	$800,000	20	Scene protection	15
			Extrication	45
HAZMAT Vehicle	$650,000	15	Fuel leak mitigation	20
Quintuple Pumper					$650,000	10	Scene protection	15
EMS Kit	$10,000	NA	Medical care	NA
Hydraulic Tools	$18,000	NA	Extrication	45
Hand Tools	$250	NA	Fuel leak mitigation	NA
Emergency Medical
Type III Ambulance (Van Chassis)					$140,000	8	Medical care	10
Transportation
Pickup with Arrow Board/Push Bumper (1)	$20,000	6	Scene protection	60	$45,000	4	Traffic control	30
							Vehicle/debris removal
Pickup with Arrow Board/Push Bumper (2)			Traffic control
Fully-equipped Service Patrol Vehicle					$75,000	4	Scene protection	30
							Traffic control
							VMS/HAR messages
TMC					NA	NA	Public/media information	45

Table 10. TIM Supplies and Materials Utilization and Costs – Highly Developed TIM Programs

SUPPLIES/MATERIALS	FT. LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA			MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA			NORTHERN VIRGINIA
	Quantity (units)	Cost ($/unit)	Tasks/ Function	Quantity (units)	Cost ($/unit)	Tasks/ Function	Quantity (units)	Cost ($/unit)	Tasks/ Function
Law Enforcement
First Aid Supplies							4	$2.00	Medical care
Spray Paint							NA	$3.00	Crash investigation
Film							NA	$6.00	Crash investigation
Fire and Rescue
First Aid Supplies	1	NA	Medical care				NA	NA	Medical care
Emergency Blanket	1	NA	Medical care
Flare/Fusee							5-7	NA	Scene protection
Absorbent Material/Pad	2-4	NA	Fuel leak mitigation				2	$20.00-$25.00	Fuel leak mitigation
Plugs/Plug Material	1	NA	Fuel leak mitigation
Emergency Medical
First Aid Supplies							NA	NA	Medical care
Transportation
Absorbent Material/Pad				1	$2.00	Fuel leak mitigation	5	NA	Fuel leak mitigation

Table 11. TIM Supplies and Materials Utilization and Costs – Developing TIM Programs

SUPPLIES/MATERIALS	LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS			SALEM, NEW HAMPSHIRE			ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO
	Quantity (units)	Cost ($/unit)	Tasks/ Function	Quantity (units)	Cost ($/unit)	Tasks/ Function	Quantity (units)	Cost ($/unit)	Tasks/ Function
Law Enforcement
Fire Extinguisher	NA	NA	Firefighting
Flare/Fusee				1	$20.00	Traffic control
Fire and Rescue
First Aid Supplies				NA	$100.00	Medical care
Absorbent Material/Pad				NA	$50.00	Fuel leak mitigation
Plugs/Plug Material				NA	$25.00	Fuel leak mitigation
Emergency Medical
First Aid Supplies				NA	$250.00	Medical care
Transportation
No on-scene transportation response

SUPPLIES/MATERIALS	OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA			CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE
	Quantity (units)	Cost ($/unit)	Tasks/ Function	Quantity (units)	Cost ($/unit)	Tasks/ Function
Law Enforcement
Fire Extinguisher	2	$25.00	Firefighting
Flare/Fusee	20	$2.00	Traffic control
Spray Paint	1	$5.00	Crash investigation
Fire and Rescue
First Aid Supplies				2	$4.50	Medical care
Plugs/Plug Material	1	$80.00	Fuel leak mitigation
Containment Boom	1	$66.00	Fuel leak mitigation
Emergency Medical
First Aid Supplies				8	$5.00	Medical care
Transportation
Absorbent Material/Pad	2	$10.00	Fuel leak mitigation	1	$8.00	Fuel leak mitigation

Incident duration estimates from highly developed TIM programs ranged from 45 to 90 minutes, with an average reported duration of 64 minutes (see Table 12). Comparatively, incident duration estimates from developing TIM programs ranged from 40 to 180 minutes, with an average reported duration of 66 minutes (see Table 13). The excessive 180 minute incident duration was reportedly attributable to a gasoline leak; involved vehicles could be moved from the travel lane within 40 minutes. Transportation personnel from two jurisdictions estimated the incident duration to be between 90 and 120 minutes. With some consistency, however, 12 of the 15 (80 percent) jurisdictions (with highly developed and developing TIM programs) responding to this question estimated the incident duration to be between 40 and 60 minutes.

Table 12. Estimated Incident Duration – Highly Developed TIM Programs

	FT. LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA	MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA	NORTHERN VIRGINIA
Law Enforcement			60 minutes
Fire and Rescue	NA		NA
Emergency Medical			NA
Transportation	90 minutes	45 minutes	60 minutes

Table 13. Estimated Incident Duration – Developing TIM Programs

	LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS	SALEM, NEW HAMPSHIRE	ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO	OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA	CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE
Law Enforcement	60 minutes	60 minutes	40-180 minutes	NA	40 minutes
Fire and Rescue		45 minutes		45 minutes	40 minutes
Emergency Medical		NA			40-60 minutes
Transportation	90-120 minutes			60 minutes	40 minutes

Personnel

Significant variability in the number of personnel responding from each public agency was observed (see Tables 14 and 15). The most significant variability was observed for fire and rescue personnel. Highly developed TIM programs reported sending between 12 and 14 fire personnel to the incident scene, commonly with three firefighters and one supervisory captain or lieutenant per vehicle. Developing programs reported sending as few as four fire and rescue personnel; three firefighters and a supervisory captain. Law enforcement agencies demonstrated similar variability. Developing TIM programs reported sending as few as a single trooper/officer to the scene and as many as three troopers/officers and a supervisory captain and lieutenant. Response by EMS and transportation agencies was more consistent, ranging from two to four EMS personnel and zero to three transportation personnel for both highly developed and developing TIM programs.

Considering the two jurisdictions that provided survey responses from each agency (i.e., law enforcement, fire and rescue, emergency medical services, and transportation), Northern Virginia (highly developed TIM program) would involve a total of 22 personnel in the response to this incident while Chattanooga, Tennessee would involve a total of nine personnel. Despite the difference in reported response levels, Northern Virginia and Chattanooga, Tennessee estimated incident durations of 60 minutes and 40 to 60 minutes, respectively.

Table 14. Number of Reported Response Personnel – Highly Developed TIM Programs

	FT. LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA	MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA	NORTHERN VIRGINIA
Law Enforcement			2
Fire and Rescue	12		14
Emergency Medical			3
Transportation	1	1	3
Total			22

Table 15. Number of Reported Response Personnel – Developing TIM Programs

	LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS	SALEM, NEW HAMPSHIRE	ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO	OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA	CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE
Law Enforcement	3	1	5	3	1
Fire and Rescue		6		15	4
Emergency Medical		4			2
Transportation	0			2	2
Total					9

The reported tasks and functions performed by each of these personnel are relatively consistent between TIM programs and are consistent with expectations, demonstrating commonalities and overlap in the duties performed by select agency personnel (i.e., law enforcement and transportation personnel both report performing traffic control).

Equipment and Technology

Considering equipment and technology utilized for incident response, the number of response vehicles is closely related to the number of personnel responding from each public agency (see Tables 15 and 16). The most significant variability was again observed for fire and rescue and law enforcement personnel. Developing TIM programs commonly reported sending a single police cruiser to the scene; however, one jurisdiction reported sending up to three police cruiser and two motorcycles to the scene. Fire and rescue agencies from both highly developed and developing TIM programs reported sending three or four total vehicles to the scene, although Chattanooga, Tennessee reported sending only a single, specialized quintuple combination pumper to the scene. Response by EMS and transportation agencies was more consistent, ranging from one to two EMS vehicles and zero to two transportation vehicles for both highly developed and developing TIM programs.

Considering the two jurisdictions that provided survey responses from each agency, Northern Virginia reported dispatching a total of eight vehicles to this incident while Chattanooga, Tennessee reported dispatching a total of five vehicles. Again, both Northern Virginia and Chattanooga, Tennessee estimated comparable incident durations.

Reported use of other equipment and technology was varied. Four of the six responding law enforcement agencies reported using conventional equipment (i.e., tape measure, camera/video) to support crash investigation; only Albuquerque, New Mexico reported using a technology- based crash investigation system (given the intermediate nature of this incident and the absence of fatalities or serious injuries, the limited reported use of technology-based crash investigation systems is not surprising). Only two law enforcement agencies reported using traffic cones/signs to support temporary traffic control efforts and no law enforcement agencies reported using brooms/blowers for debris removal. Similarly, two of five responding fire and rescue agencies reported using traffic cones/signs to support temporary traffic control efforts and a single fire and rescue agency reported using hand tools (i.e., shovel, pick) for spill containment. Surprisingly, only one (out of six) transportation agency reported using traffic cones/signs and variable message signs (VMS) for temporary traffic control, although it should be noted that Oklahoma City, Oklahoma reported using private contracted traffic control services that provide pickups with arrow boards, VMS, and traffic cones/signs when dispatched to an incident scene. Two of six responding transportation agencies reported utilizing a TMC as part of their incident response.

Table 16. Number of Reported Response Vehicles – Highly Developed TIM Programs

	FT. LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA	MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA	NORTHERN VIRGINIA
Law Enforcement			2
Fire and Rescue	4		3
Emergency Medical			2
Transportation	1	1	1
Total			8

Table 17. Number of Reported Response Vehicles – Developing TIM Programs

	LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS	SALEM, NEW HAMPSHIRE	ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO	OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA	CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE
Law Enforcement	1	1	5	1	1
Fire and Rescue		3		4	1
Emergency Medical		2			1
Transportation	0			2	2
Total					5

Again, the reported tasks and functions supported by the various equipment and technologies are relatively consistent between TIM programs and are consistent with expectations, demonstrating commonalities and overlap in the duties supported by select vehicles and/or equipment (i.e., law enforcement, fire and rescue, and transportation vehicles were each reported to support scene protection efforts).

Supplies and Materials

Similar to observations regarding personnel and equipment/ technology, the expendable supplies and materials reportedly utilized by each response agency demonstrate commonalities and overlap. Law enforcement (one of six), fire and rescue (four of five), and EMS (three of three) survey respondents reported carrying first aid supplies to support initial medical care. Law enforcement (two of six) and fire and rescue (one of five) survey respondents reported carrying flares/fusees to support temporary traffic control. Fire and rescue (three of five) and transportation (four of six) survey respondents reported carrying absorbent material/pads to support efforts to mitigate small vehicle fluid spills.

Observed TIM Resource Management Efficiency Improvements and Associated Cost Savings

The variability in reported TIM resource utilization, combined with generally similar estimates of incident duration, suggest opportunities for resource management efficiency improvements. Revisiting the various hypothetical examples of potential improvements in TIM resource management provided in Chapter 3, results from the Incident Scenario Survey are used here to confirm and quantify these resource management improvements as reported in practice.

Functions or tasks that relate to the common incident scenario provided to survey respondents include the following:

• Scene protection,
• Temporary traffic control,
• Firefighting/extrication,
• Minor spill mitigation and cleanup,
• Crash investigation, and
• Vehicle or debris removal.

For each of these functions or tasks, the traditional resource-cost method—which multiplies the number of resources by the unit cost (actual or estimated)—was used to estimate costs associated with personnel, equipment/technology, and supplies/materials where sufficient data supports this type of analysis. Unit costs were derived from the information provided by each of the individual responding jurisdictions and averaged to control for regional differences. Estimated personnel costs reflect the actual in-service time performing the various functions or tasks. In several instances, an aggregate service time was provided for the performance of multiple functions or tasks (i.e., 30 minutes to provide scene protection, traffic control, and vehicle/debris removal) challenging the utility of this data. Estimated equipment/technology costs reflect the total monetary exposure to damage (i.e., the quantity and value of equipment /technology on-scene), but does not attempt to incorporate the in-service time for the various individual resources. Estimated supplies/materials costs reflect the total cost of expendable resources utilized in support of the various functions or tasks. These costs were considered per agency or discipline and by jurisdiction, considering jurisdictions with highly developed and developing TIM programs separately.

The limited completeness, consistency, and level of detail of the resource utilization and cost information received in the Incident Scenario Survey challenged the certainty with which personnel, equipment/technology, and supplies/materials costs could be estimated. Hence, the estimates presented here should be considered to be of a general order of magnitude of potential per incident costs savings; care should be taken in extrapolating these estimates beyond their respective levels of certainty.

Scene Protection

For highly developed and developing TIM programs, Tables 18 and 19 summarize the estimated TIM resource costs for scene protection, respectively.

Table 18. Estimated TIM Resource Costs for Scene Protection – Highly Developed TIM Programs

SCENE PROTECTION	Estimated Mean Cost	FT. LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA				MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA			NORTHERN VIRGINIA
		Time		Cost		Time		Cost	Time		Cost
PERSONNEL	($/hr)	(min)		($)		(min)		($)	(min)		($)
Law Enforcement
Trooper/Officer (1)	$26.75								10		$4.46
Subtotal									10		$4.46
Fire and Rescue
Driver/Engineer (1)	$27.50	20		$9.17
Driver/Engineer (2)	$27.50	20		$9.17
Firefighter (1)	$31.69								60-90		$31.69-47.54
Firefighter (2)	$31.69								60-90		$31.69-47.54
Firefighter (3)	$31.69								60-90		$31.69-47.54
Captain (1)	$42.87	20		$14.29					1-2		$0.71-1.43
Captain (2)	$42.87	20		$14.29
Subtotal		80		$46.92					181-272		$95.78-144.05
Emergency Medical
EMT-Paramedic (1)	$39.63								<60-90		<$39.63-59.45
EMT-Paramedic (2)	$39.63								<60-90		<$39.63-59.45
Captain	$53.54								<60-90		<$53.54-80.31
Subtotal									<180-270		<$132.80-199.21
Transportation
Service Patrol Operator (1)	$24.50					45		$18.37	15		$6.12
Subtotal		-		-		45		$18.37	15		$6.12
PERSONNEL TOTAL									<205-297		<$239.16-353.84
EQUIPMENT/TECHNOLOGY	($)	(min)		($)		(min)		($)	(min)		($)
Law Enforcement
Cruiser/Light Bar/Push Bumper (1)	$41,400								10		$41,400
Subtotal									10		$41,400
Fire and Rescue
Engine (1)	$450,000	40		$450,000					<60		$450,000
Engine (2)	$450,000	40		$450,000
Subtotal		80		$900,000					<60		$450,000
Emergency Medical
Non-transporting Vehicle	$56,250								<60-90		$56,250
Subtotal
Transportation
Pickup/Arrow Board/Push Bumper (1)	$35,240					45		$35,240	10		$35,240
Subtotal		-		-		45		$35,240	10		$35,240
EQUIPMENT/TECHNOLOGY TOTAL									<140-170		$1,032,890

< indicates that the service time was reported in aggregate for multiple functions

Table 19. Estimated TIM Resource Costs for Scene Protection – Developing TIM Programs

SCENE PROTECTION	Estimated Mean Cost		LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS				SALEM, NEW HAMPSHIRE				ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO				OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA				CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE
			Time		Cost		Time		Cost		Time		Cost		Time		Cost		Time		Cost
PERSONNEL	($/hr)		(min)		($)		(min)		($)		(min)		($)		(min)		($)		(min)		($)
Law Enforcement
Trooper/Officer (1)	$26.75		<30		<$13.38		<60		<$26.75		180		$80.25		60		$26.75
Trooper/Officer (2)	$26.75										180		$80.25		60		$26.75
Trooper/Officer (3)	$26.75										180		$80.25
Lieutenant	$29.75														60		$29.75
Subtotal			<30		<$13.38		<60		<$26.75		540		$240.75		180		$83.25		-		-
Fire and Rescue
Firefighter (1)	$31.69						<30		<$15.85										15		$7.92
Firefighter (2)	$31.69						<30		<$15.85
Lieutenant (1)	$37.14						<30		<$18.57
Captain (1)	$42.87														45		$32.15
Subtotal							<90		$50.27						45		$32.15		15		$7.92
Transportation
Lead Worker/Technician	$18.00														60		$18.00
Service Patrol Operator (1)	$24.50																		<30		<$12.25
Subtotal			-		-										60		$18.00		<30		<$12.25
PERSONNEL TOTAL																			<45		$20.17
EQUIPMENT/TECHNOLOGY	($)		(min)		($)		(min)		($)		(min)		($)		(min)		($)		(min)		($)
Law Enforcement
Motorcycle (1)	$25,000										<180		$25,000
Motorcycle (2)	$25,000										<180		$25,000
Cruiser/Light Bar/Push Bumper (1)	$41,400		<10		$41,400		<60		$41,400		<180		$41,400		60		$41,400		30		$41,400
Cruiser/Light Bar/Push Bumper (2)	$41,400										<180		$41,400
Cruiser/Light Bar/Push Bumper (3)	$41,400										<180		$41,400
Traffic Cones/Signs	$100										<180		$100		60		$100
Subtotal			<10		$41,400		<60		$41,400		1,080		$174,300		120		$41,500		30		$41,400
Fire and Rescue
Engine (1)	$450,000						<30		$450,000						40		$450,000
Rescue Vehicle (1)	$550,000														15		$550,000
Quintuple Pumper	$650,000																		15		$650,000
Subtotal							<30		$450,000						55		$1,000,000		15		$650,000
Transportation
Pickup/Arrow Board/Push Bumper (1)	$35,240														<60		$35,240
Pickup/Arrow Board/Push Bumper (2)	$35,240														<60		$35,240
Fully-equipped Service Patrol Vehicle	$75,000																		<30		$75,000
Subtotal			-		-										<120		$70,480		<30		$75,000
EQUIPMENT/TECHNOLOGY TOTAL																			<75		$766,400

< indicates that the service time was reported in aggregate for multiple functions

Utilization of Appropriate Equipment

As reported by survey respondents, one or two fire and rescue vehicles are commonly used to protect the incident scene, valued at from $450,000 to $650,000 for a single vehicle and from $900,000 to $1,000,000 for two vehicles. The duration of time that these vehicles were used in this capacity ranged from 15 to 80 minutes. Similarly, one to five law enforcement vehicles were reportedly used for scene protection, valued at $41,400 for a single cruiser to $174,200 for three cruisers and two motorcycles.

Chattanooga, Tennessee provides an example of a more appropriate use of equipment for scene protection, relying upon a single law enforcement cruiser and a fully equipment transportation service patrol vehicle to provide scene protection each for a duration of 30 minutes or less. A single fire and rescue vehicle was also reportedly used for scene protection, but for a limited duration of 15 minutes. The monetary value of this equipment totals $766,400. Comparatively, the monetary value of equipment exposed to potential damage in Northern Virginia totals $1,111,980 ($345,580 higher).

Additional savings attributable to fewer and lower wage personnel assigned to scene protection duties can be realized. Personnel costs resulting from scene protection functions in Chattanooga, Tennessee totals $20.17. Comparatively, personnel costs for scene protection in Northern Virginia totals $133.40 ($113.23 higher). This cost difference may appear minor, but when multiplied by the total number of incidents occurring on an annual basis, personnel savings may become significant.

Utilization of Appropriate Technology

Portable intrusion alarm systems provide a technology-based alternative to the use of response vehicles for scene protection at a significantly reduced cost (i.e., less than $4,000 per unit). None of the survey respondents indicated the use of such a system to provide effective scene protection. With the monetary value of equipment used for scene protection and exposed to potential damage approaching or exceeding $1,000,000, the costs savings through the use of this technology could be significant.

Reduced Redundancy

Each of the responding disciplines—law enforcement, fire and rescue, emergency medical, and transportation—reported a role in scene protection to varying degrees. One to three law enforcement personnel are reportedly tasked with scene protection at a cost ranging from $4.46 to $240.75 (a difference of $236.29), depending on the service duration. Similarly, one to four fire and rescue personnel are reportedly tasked with scene protection at a cost ranging from $7.92 to $144.05 (a difference of $136.13), again depending on the service duration. In a single reporting jurisdiction, up to three EMS personnel are also reportedly tasked with scene protection at a cost of up to $199.21. Assuming that the minimum staffing reported is sufficient (and all additional staffing is redundant), a personnel cost savings of $571.63 per incident could be realized.

A similar reduction in redundancy can be realized when considering equipment and technology. One to five law enforcement vehicles are reportedly utilized for scene protection at a cost ranging from $41,400 to $174,200 (a difference of $132,800). Similarly, one to two fire and rescue vehicles are reportedly utilized for scene protection at a cost ranging from $450,000 to $1,000,000 (a difference of $550,000). In a single reporting jurisdiction, one EMS vehicle was also reportedly utilized for scene protection at a cost of $56,250. Assuming that the minimum reported equipment is sufficient (and all additional equipment is redundant), the monetary value of equipment exposed to potential damage could be reduced by $739,050 per incident.

Temporary Traffic Control

For highly developed and developing TIM programs, Tables 20 and 21 summarize the estimated TIM resource costs for temporary traffic control, respectively.

Utilization of Appropriate Personnel

As reported by survey respondents, one to three law enforcement personnel are commonly tasked with temporary traffic control at the scene, most often ranging in cost from $13.38 for a single trooper/officer providing traffic control for less than 30 minutes to $27.76 for three troopers/officers providing traffic control for 10, 20, and 30 minutes respectively (one jurisdiction reported using three troopers/officers for a duration of 180 minutes). Reported with more consistency, up to two transportation personnel are commonly tasked with temporary traffic control at the scene, at a cost of up to $24.50 per incident. In four of the six reporting law enforcement agency jurisdictions, transportation agencies had no role in supporting traffic control. Conversely, in one of the six reporting transportation agency jurisdictions, the law enforcement agency had no role in supporting traffic control. Cost savings, resulting from the greater utilization of transportation personnel rather than law enforcement personnel to provide temporary traffic control, are difficult to estimate because of the varying quality and extent of traffic control services provided. Using monetary compensation as the basis, a 60 minute traffic control service duration for law enforcement and transportation personnel would average $26.75 and $24.50 ($2.25 lower) per person per incident, respectively.

Utilization of Appropriate Equipment

One to five law enforcement vehicles are reportedly used for traffic control, valued at $41,400 for a single cruiser to $174,200 for three cruisers and two motorcycles. The duration of time that these vehicles are used in this capacity ranged from less than 10 to 60 minutes. One to two transportation vehicles are reportedly used for traffic control, valued at $35,240 for a pickup equipped with an arrow board to $110,240 for a pickup equipped with an arrow board and a fully-equipped service patrol vehicle. The duration of time that these vehicles are used in this capacity ranged from less than 30 to 60 minutes. Note that the value of transportation vehicles is generally lower than that of law enforcement vehicles.

Chattanooga, Tennessee provides an example of appropriate use of equipment for temporary traffic control, relying upon a pickup equipped with an arrow board and a fully-equipped service patrol vehicle provided by the transportation agency (law enforcement in this jurisdiction reportedly had no or only a minor role in traffic control). The monetary value of this equipment totals $110,240. Comparatively, the monetary value of equipment exposed to potential damage in Northern Virginia totals $118,040 ($7,800 higher). Although this cost difference is minor, the distinct advantages that transportation vehicles offer in the provision of temporary traffic control should not be overlooked. Transportation vehicles are typically equipped with an arrow board and traffic control devices (i.e., cones, portable signs, etc.). Transportation personnel also have direct access to additional traffic control devices not immediately carried on the vehicle.

Table 20. Estimated TIM Resource Costs for Traffic Control – Highly Developed TIM Programs

TRAFFIC CONTROL	Estimated Mean Cost	FT. LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA		MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA		NORTHERN VIRGINIA
		Time	Cost	Time	Cost	Time	Cost
PERSONNEL	($/hr)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)
Law Enforcement
Trooper/Officer (1)	$26.75					5	$2.23
Trooper/Officer (2)	$26.75					30	$13.38
Subtotal						35	$15.61
Transportation
Service Patrol Operator (1)	$24.50					<15	<$6.13
Subtotal		-	-	-	-	<15	<$6.13
PERSONNEL TOTAL						<50	$21.74
EQUIPMENT/TECHNOLOGY	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)
Law Enforcement
Cruiser/Light Bar/Push Bumper (1)	$41,400					45	$41,400
Cruiser/Light Bar/Push Bumper (2)	$41,400					30	$41,400
Subtotal						75	$82,800
Transportation
Pickup/Arrow Board/Push Bumper (1)	$35,240					40	$35,240
Subtotal		-	-	-	-	40	$35,240
EQUIPMENT/TECHNOLOGY TOTAL						115	$118,040

< indicates that the service time was reported in aggregate for multiple functions

Table 21. Estimated TIM Resource Costs for Traffic Control – Developing TIM Programs

TRAFFIC CONTROL	Estimated Mean Cost	LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS		SALEM, NEW HAMPSHIRE		ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO		OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA		CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE
		Time	Cost	Time	Cost	Time	Cost	Time	Cost	Time	Cost
PERSONNEL	($/hr)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)
Law Enforcement
Trooper/Officer (1)	$26.75	<30	<$13.38	<60	<$26.75	180	$80.25	10	$4.46
Trooper/Officer (2)	$26.75					180	$80.25	30	$13.38
Trooper/Officer (3)	$26.75					180	$80.25
Lieutenant	$29.75							20	$9.92
Subtotal		<30	<$13.38	<60	<$26.75	540	$240.75	60	$27.76	-	-
Transportation
Service Patrol Operator (1)	$24.50									<30	<$12.25
Service Patrol Operator (2)	$24.50									<30	<$12.25
Subtotal		-	-					-	-	<60	<$24.50
PERSONNEL TOTAL										<60	<$24.50
EQUIPMENT/TECHNOLOGY	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)
Law Enforcement
Motorcycle (1)	$25,000					<180	$25,000
Motorcycle (2)	$25,000					<180	$25,000
Cruiser/Light Bar/Push Bumper (1)	$41,400	<10	$41,400	<60	$41,400	<180	$41,400	60	$41,400
Cruiser/Light Bar/Push Bumper (2)	$41,400					<180	$41,400
Cruiser/Light Bar/Push Bumper (3)	$41,400					<180	$41,400
Traffic Cones/Signs	$100							60	$100
Subtotal		<10	$41,400	<60	$41,400	<900	$174,200	120	$41,500	-	-
Transportation
Pickup/Arrow Board/Push Bumper (1)	$35,240							<60	$35,240	<30	$35,240
Pickup/Arrow Board/Push Bumper (2)	$35,240							<60	$35,240
Fully-equipped Service Patrol Vehicle	$75,000									<30	$75,000
Subtotal		-	-					<120	$70,480	<60	$110,240
EQUIPMENT/TECHNOLOGY TOTAL										<60	$110,240
SUPPLIES/MATERIALS	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)
Law Enforcement
Flare/Fusee	$30			NA	$30			NA	$30
Subtotal		-	-	NA	$30	-	-	NA	$30	-	-
SUPPLIES/MATERIALS TOTAL										-	-

< indicates that the service time was reported in aggregate for multiple functions

Separate trailers carrying additional cones, barrels, static signs, or portable variable or dynamic message signs can be requested and appropriately deployed at the incident scene.

Reduced Redundancy

With respect to temporary traffic control, less redundancy in personnel or equipment/technology was generally observed. In some instances, the reported staffing and equipment/technology resources appeared, in fact, to be insufficient to ensure adequate traffic control. In at least one of the reporting jurisdictions, a single law enforcement trooper/officer with a cruiser comprised the traffic control resources. More commonly, a total of two to three law enforcement and/or transportation personnel in an equal or lesser number of vehicles were assigned to traffic control functions.

One possible reduction in redundancy relates to the equipment/technology resources dedicated to traffic control in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Five law enforcement vehicles (two motorcycles and three cruisers) are reportedly utilized for temporary traffic control at a cost of $174,200. Assuming a more appropriate set of resources, that may include a single law enforcement cruiser and two transportation pickups equipped with arrow boards, the monetary value of equipment exposed to potential damage could be reduced to $111,880 (a difference of $62,320).

Firefighting/Extrication

For highly developed and developing TIM programs, Tables 22 and 23 summarize the estimated TIM resource costs for firefighting/extrication, respectively.

Utilization of Appropriate Personnel

As reported by survey respondents, fire and rescue personnel were exclusively responsible for firefighting and extrication functions in the common incident scenario. Both law enforcement and transportation personnel are commonly equipped with fire extinguishers to manage small-scale fires (although only two of the six responding law enforcement agencies and none of the responding transportation agencies indicated carrying a fire extinguisher), but none indicated a role in firefighting for this scenario. If the fire can be fully mitigated through transportation or law enforcement personnel response—whoever is first to arrive on-scene—the cost of mobilizing fire and rescue personnel and equipment, ranging from $67.52 to $192.84 in personnel costs per incident and $550,000 to $2,018,000 in the monetary value of equipment exposed to potential damage, could be saved.

Reduced Redundancy

Fire and rescue response, for the purpose of firefighting and extrication, ranged from five to 12 personnel at a total cost of $67.52 to $192.84 (a difference of $125.32), depending on service duration; and one to four vehicles valued at $550,000 for a single vehicles to a total of $2,000,000 for four vehicles (a difference of $1,450,000). Assuming that the minimum staffing reported is sufficient (and all additional staffing is redundant) and that the minimum reported equipment is sufficient (and all additional equipment is redundant), a personnel cost savings of $125.32 per incident could be realized and the monetary value of equipment exposed to potential damage could be reduced by $1,450,000 per incident.

Table 22. Estimated TIM Resource Costs for Firefighting/Extrication – Highly Developed TIM Programs

FIREFIGHTING/ EXTRICATION	Estimated Mean Cost	FT. LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA		MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA		NORTHERN VIRGINIA
		Time	Cost	Time	Cost	Time	Cost
PERSONNEL	($/hr)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)
Fire and Rescue
Driver/Engineer (1)	$27.50	10	$4.58
Driver/Engineer (2)	$27.50	10	$4.58
Firefighter (1)	$31.69	10	$5.28			30-60	$15.85-31.69
Firefighter (2)	$31.69	10	$5.28			30-60	$15.85-31.69
Firefighter (3)	$31.69	10	$5.28			30-60	$15.85-31.69
Firefighter (4)	$31.69	10	$5.28			15-30	$7.92-15.85
Firefighter (5)	$31.69	10	$5.28			15-30	$7.92-15.85
Firefighter (6)	$31.69	10	$5.28			15-30	$7.92-15.85
Firefighter (7)	$31.69					15-30	$7.92-15.85
Firefighter (8)	$31.69					15-30	$7.92-15.85
Firefighter (9)	$31.69					15-30	$7.92-15.85
Lieutenant (1)	$37.14	10	$6.19			1-2	$0.62-1.24
Lieutenant (2)	$37.14	10	$6.19
Captain (1)	$42.87	10	$7.15			1-2	$0.71-1.43
Captain (2)	$42.87	10	$7.15
Subtotal		120	$67.52			182-364	$96.40-192.84
PERSONNEL TOTAL						182-364	$96.40-192.84
EQUIPMENT/TECHNOLOGY	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)
Fire and Rescue
Truck	$500,000					<60	$500,000
Engine (1)	$450,000	10	$450,000			<60	$450,000
Engine (2)	$450,000	10	$450,000
Rescue Vehicle (1)	$550,000	10	$550,000			<60	$550,000
Rescue Vehicle (2)	$550,000	10	$550,000
Hydraulic Tools	$18,000	10	$18,000
Subtotal		50	$2,018,000			<180	$1,500,000
EQUIPMENT/TECHNOLOGY TOTAL						<180	$1,500,000

< indicates that the service time was reported in aggregate for multiple functions

Table 23. Estimated TIM Resource Costs for Firefighting/Extrication – Developing TIM Programs

FIREFIGHTING/ EXTRICATION	Estimated Mean Cost	LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS				SALEM, NEW HAMPSHIRE				ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO				OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA				CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE
		Time		Cost		Time		Cost		Time		Cost		Time		Cost		Time		Cost
PERSONNEL	($/hr)	(min)		($)		(min)		($)		(min)		($)		(min)		($)		(min)		($)
Fire and Rescue
Driver/Engineer (1)	$27.50													15		$6.88
Driver/Engineer (2)	$27.50													15		$6.88
Firefighter (1)	$31.69					<30		<$15.85						15		$7.92
Firefighter (2)	$31.69					<30		<$15.85						15		$7.92
Firefighter (3)	$31.69					<30		<$15.85						15		$7.92
Firefighter (4)	$31.69					<30		<$15.85						15		$7.92
Lieutenant (1)	$37.14					<30		<$18.57						45		$27.86
Lieutenant (2)	$37.14													45		$27.86
Lieutenant (3)	$37.14													45		$27.86
Lieutenant (4)	$37.14													45		$27.86
Lieutenant (5)	$37.14													45		$27.86
Subtotal						<150		$81.57						315		$184.74		-		-
PERSONNEL TOTAL																		-		-
EQUIPMENT/TECHNOLOGY	($)	(min)		($)		(min)		($)		(min)		($)		(min)		($)		(min)		($)
Fire and Rescue
Engine (1)	$450,000					<30		$450,000
Rescue Vehicle (1)	$550,000					<30		$550,000						45		$550,000
Hydraulic Tools	$18,000													45		$18,000
Subtotal						<60		$1,000,000						90		$568,000		-		-
EQUIPMENT/TECHNOLOGY TOTAL																		-		-
SUPPLIES/MATERIALS	($)	(min)		($)		(min)		($)		(min)		($)		(min)		($)		(min)		($)
Law Enforcement
Fire Extinguisher	$50	NA		$50										NA		$50
Subtotal		NA		$50		-		-		-		-		NA		$50		-		-
SUPPLIES/MATERIALS TOTAL																		-		-

< indicates that the service time was reported in aggregate for multiple functions

Minor Spill Mitigation and Cleanup

For highly developed and developing TIM programs, Tables 24 and 25 summarize the estimated TIM resource costs for minor spill mitigation and cleanup, respectively.

Utilization of Appropriate Personnel

As reported by survey respondents, fire and rescue personnel are exclusively responsible for minor spill mitigation and cleanup functions in the common incident scenario. Transportation personnel are commonly equipped with plugs/plug materials, containment booms, and absorbent materials/pads to stop, contain, and clean up minor vehicle fluid spills (four of the six responding transportation agencies indicated carrying these supplies/materials), but none indicated a role in spill mitigation for this scenario. If the spill can be fully mitigated through transportation agency response, the cost of mobilizing fire and rescue personnel—ranging from $31.68 to $55.14 in personnel costs per incident—could be saved.

Utilization of Appropriate Equipment

Properly equipped responders, regardless of discipline, can take prompt action to stop the spill at its source, to contain and limit the size of the spill, to limit the damage to the pavement surface, and to prevent any flammable material from catching fire reducing the overall duration of the incident. Three of the five responding fire and rescue agencies reported carrying plugs/plug materials to stop the spill and absorbent materials/pads to clean-up motor vehicle fluids that reach the roadway. Four of the six responding transportation agencies also indicated carrying these supplies and materials. If the spill can be fully mitigated through transportation personnel response, the cost of mobilizing fire and rescue equipment—ranging from $450,000 to $900,000 in the monetary value of equipment exposed to potential damage—could be saved. Comparably, the monetary value of a transportation vehicle ranges from $35,240 to $75,000 (a difference of between $375,000 and $864,760).

Reduced Redundancy

Fire and rescue response, for the purpose of minor spill mitigation and cleanup, ranged from three to ten personnel at a total cost of $31.68 to $55.14 (a difference of $23.46), depending on service duration; and one to two vehicles valued at $450,000 for a single vehicle to a total of $900,000 for two vehicles (a difference of $450,000). Assuming that the minimum staffing reported is sufficient (and all additional staffing is redundant) and that the minimum reported equipment is sufficient (and all additional equipment is redundant), a personnel cost savings of $23.46 per incident could be realized and the monetary value of equipment exposed to potential damage could be reduced by $450,000 per incident.

Table 24. Estimated TIM Resource Costs for Minor Spill Mitigation – Highly Developed TIM Programs

MINOR SPILL MITIGATION	Estimated Mean Cost	FT. LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA		MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA		NORTHERN VIRGINIA
		Time	Cost	Time	Cost	Time	Cost
PERSONNEL	($/hr)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)
Fire and Rescue
Driver/Engineer (1)	$27.50	10	$4.58
Driver/Engineer (2)	$27.50	10	$4.58
Firefighter (1)	$31.69	10	$5.28
Firefighter (2)	$31.69	10	$5.28
Firefighter (3)	$31.69	10	$5.28
Firefighter (4)	$31.69	10	$5.28
Firefighter (5)	$31.69	10	$5.28
Firefighter (6)	$31.69	10	$5.28
Captain (1)	$42.87	10	$7.15
Captain (2)	$42.87	10	$7.15
Subtotal		1,000	$55.14			-	-
PERSONNEL TOTAL						-	-
EQUIPMENT/TECHNOLOGY	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)
Fire and Rescue
Engine (1)	$450,000	10	$450,000			<60	$450,000
Engine (2)	$450,000	10	$450,000
Subtotal		20	$900,000			<60	$450,000
EQUIPMENT/TECHNOLOGY TOTAL						<60	$450,000
SUPPLIES/MATERIALS	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)
Fire and Rescue
Absorbent Material/Pad	$47.50	NA	$47.50			NA	$47.50
Plugs/Plug Material	$52.50	NA	$52.50
Subtotal		NA	$100			NA	$47.50
Transportation
Absorbent Material/Pad	$11			NA	$11	NA	$11
Subtotal		-	-	NA	$11	NA	$11
SUPPLIES/MATERIALS TOTAL						NA	$58.50

< indicates that the service time was reported in aggregate for multiple functions

Table 25. Estimated TIM Resource Costs for Minor Spill Mitigation – Developing TIM Programs

MINOR SPILL MITIGATION	Estimated Mean Cost	LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS		SALEM, NEW HAMPSHIRE		ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO		OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA		CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE
		Time	Cost	Time	Cost	Time	Cost	Time	Cost	Time	Cost
PERSONNEL	($/hr)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)
Fire and Rescue
Firefighter (1)	$31.69			<30	<$15.85			10	$5.28
Firefighter (2)	$31.69			<30	<$15.85			10	$5.28
Firefighter (3)	$31.69							10	$5.28
Firefighter (4)	$31.69							10	$5.28
Firefighter (5)	$31.69							10	$5.28
Firefighter (6)	$31.69							10	$5.28
Lieutenant (1)	$37.14			<30	<$18.57
Subtotal				<90	$50.27			60	$31.68	-	-
PERSONNEL TOTAL										-	-
EQUIPMENT/TECHNOLOGY	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)
Fire and Rescue
Engine (1)	$450,000			<30	$450,000
HAZMAT Vehicle	$650,000							20	$650,000
Hand Tools	$250							NA	$250
Subtotal				<30	$450,000			20	$650,250	-	-
EQUIPMENT/TECHNOLOGY TOTAL										-	-
SUPPLIES/MATERIALS	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)
Fire and Rescue
Absorbent Material/Pad	$47.50			NA	$47.50
Plugs/Plug Material	$52.50			NA	$52.50
Subtotal				NA	$100			-	-	-	-
Transportation
Absorbent Material/Pad	$11							NA	$11	NA	$11
Subtotal		-	-					NA	$11	NA	$11
SUPPLIES/MATERIALS TOTAL										NA	$11

< indicates that the service time was reported in aggregate for multiple functions

Crash Investigation

For highly developed and developing TIM programs, Tables 26 and 27 summarize the estimated TIM resource costs for crash investigation, respectively.

Utilization of Appropriate Technology

Various types of technology have been demonstrated to dramatically reduce incident duration while increasing the quality and quantity of measurements captured. Only a single jurisdiction reported using technology-based crash investigation systems to support crash investigation duties (given the intermediate nature of this incident and the absence of fatalities or serious injuries, the limited reported use of technology-base crash investigation systems is not surprising). Counterintuitive to the purported benefits of crash investigation systems, this same jurisdiction reported the highest utilization of law enforcement personnel (three troopers/officers) and the longest duration of investigation (60 minutes) at a cost of $80.25 per incident. The crash investigation system (respondents did not specify the type) was estimated to cost $3,000.

Reduced Redundancy

Law enforcement personnel were exclusively reported to perform crash investigation duties. As reported by survey respondents, one to three troopers/officers were tasked with performing crash investigation duties at a total cost of $6.69 to $80.25 (a difference of $73.56), depending on service duration, ranging from 15 to 60 minutes. Assuming that the minimum staffing reported is sufficient (and all additional staffing is redundant), a personnel cost savings of $73.56 per incident could be realized. Again, this cost difference may appear minor, but when multiplied by the total number of incidents occurring on an annual basis, personnel saving may become significant.

Table 26. Estimated TIM Resource Costs for Crash Investigation – Highly Developed TIM Programs

CRASH INVESTIGATION	Estimated Mean Cost	FT. LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA		MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA		NORTHERN VIRGINIA
		Time	Cost	Time	Cost	Time	Cost
PERSONNEL	($/hr)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)
Law Enforcement
Trooper/Officer (1)	$26.75					35	$15.60
Trooper/Officer (2)	$26.75					20	$8.92
Subtotal						55	$24.52
PERSONNEL TOTAL						55	$24.52
EQUIPMENT/TECHNOLOGY	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)
Law Enforcement
Cruiser/Light Bar/Push Bumper (1)	$41,400					20	$41,400
Tape Measure	$80					20	$80
Subtotal						40	$41,480
EQUIPMENT/TECHNOLOGY TOTAL						40	$41,480
SUPPLIES/MATERIALS	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)
Law Enforcement
Spray Paint	$4					NA	$4
Film	$6					NA	$6
Subtotal						NA	$10
SUPPLIES/MATERIALS TOTAL						NA	$10

< indicates that the service time was reported in aggregate for multiple functions

Table 27. Estimated TIM Resource Costs for Crash Investigation – Developing TIM Programs

CRASH INVESTIGATION	Estimated Mean Cost	LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS		SALEM, NEW HAMPSHIRE		ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO		OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA		CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE
		Time	Cost	Time	Cost	Time	Cost	Time	Cost	Time	Cost
PERSONNEL	($/hr)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)
Law Enforcement
Trooper/Officer (1)	$26.75	<30	<$13.38	<60	<$26.75	60	$26.75	45	$20.06	15	$6.69
Trooper/Officer (2)	$26.75					60	$26.75
Trooper/Officer (3)	$26.75					60	$26.75
Subtotal		<30	<$13.38	<60	<$26.75	180	$80.25	45	$20.06	15	$6.69
PERSONNEL TOTAL										15	$6.69
EQUIPMENT/TECHNOLOGY	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)
Law Enforcement
Laptop Computer	$1,500	30	$1,500
Other Crash Investigation System	$3,000					30	$3,000
Tape Measure	$80							10	$80
Subtotal		30	$1,500	-	-	30	$3,000	10	$80	-	-
EQUIPMENT/TECHNOLOGY TOTAL										-	-
SUPPLIES/MATERIALS	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)
Law Enforcement
Spray Paint	$4							NA	$4
Subtotal		-	-	-	-	-	-	NA	$4	-	-
SUPPLIES/MATERIALS TOTAL										-	-

< indicates that the service time was reported in aggregate for multiple functions

Vehicle and Debris Removal

For highly developed and developing TIM programs, Tables 28 and 29 summarize the estimated TIM resource costs for vehicle and debris removal, respectively.

Utilization of Appropriate Personnel

Consistent with expectations, survey respondents confirmed that vehicle and debris removal is most often the responsibility of law enforcement or transportation personnel, either directly using their own personnel and equipment or through the dispatch of private towing and recovery personnel (one jurisdiction reported utilizing fire and rescue personnel and equipment for vehicle/debris removal, but this likely relates to specialized cleanup tasks associated with the minor fuel leak and not the broader function of vehicle and debris removal). Vehicle/debris removal duties are reportedly performed by a single law enforcement trooper/officer for a duration of 10 minutes at a cost of $4.46 per incident or a single transportation service patrol operator for a duration of 30 minutes at a cost of $12.25 per incident. With no intuitive explanation for the difference in in-service durations, cost estimates may better be compared using monetary compensation as the basis. A 30-minute vehicle/debris removal effort for law enforcement and transportation personnel would average $13.38 and $12.25 ($1.13 lower) per incident, respectively. While this cost difference is minor, use of transportation personnel for vehicle and debris removal would additionally release law enforcement personnel to focus on other tasks for which they are uniquely trained, such as crash investigation for the current incident, or would allow them to return into service more quickly to perform duties elsewhere.

Utilization of Appropriate Equipment

A single law enforcement or transportation vehicle was reportedly utilized to support vehicle/debris removal activities for the common incident scenario: a law enforcement cruiser with a push bumper valued at $41,400 and a transportation pickup with a push bumper valued at $35,240 (a difference of $6,160). In addition to the higher monetary value of equipment exposed to potential damage, law enforcement vehicles (i.e., cruisers) equipped with push bumpers may be more likely to incur damage than transportation vehicles (i.e., medium or heavy duty pickup trucks) when removing involved vehicles from the roadway because of size and design differences.

Reduced Redundancy

In the four jurisdictions that included survey responses from both law enforcement and transportation agencies, three of the jurisdictions reported using a single law enforcement trooper/officer for vehicle/debris removal; while the fourth jurisdiction reported using a single transportation service patrol officer to provide vehicle/debris removal. No redundancy in reported law enforcement/transportation personnel or equipment/technology was observed in the survey responses.

Table 28. Estimated TIM Resource Costs for Vehicle/Debris Removal – Highly Developed TIM Programs

VEHICLE/DEBRIS REMOVAL	Estimated Mean Cost	FT. LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA		MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA		NORTHERN VIRGINA
		Time	Cost	Time	Cost	Time	Cost
PERSONNEL	($/hr)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)
Law Enforcement
Trooper/Officer (1)	$26.75					10	$4.46
Subtotal						10	$4.46
Fire and Rescue
Driver/Engineer (1)	$27.50	10	$4.58
Driver/Engineer (2)	$27.50	10	$4.58
Firefighter (1)	$31.69	10	$5.28
Firefighter (2)	$31.69	10	$5.28
Firefighter (3)	$31.69	10	$5.28
Firefighter (4)	$31.69	10	$5.28
Firefighter (5)	$31.69	10	$5.28
Firefighter (6)	$31.69	10	$5.28
Captain (1)	$42.87	10	$7.15
Captain (2)	$42.87	10	$7.15
Subtotal		1,000	$55.14			-	-
Transportation
Service Patrol Operator (1)	$24.50			15	$6.13
Subtotal		-	-	15	$6.13	-	-
PERSONNEL TOTAL						10	$4.46
EQUIPMENT/TECHNOLOGY	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)
Law Enforcement
Cruiser/Light Bar/Push Bumper (1)	$41,400					10	$41,400
Subtotal						10	$41,400
Fire and Rescue
Engine (1)	$450,000	10	$450,000
Engine (2)	$450,000	10	$450,000
Subtotal		20	$900,000			-	-
EQUIPMENT/TECHNOLOGY TOTAL						10	$41,400

< indicates that the service time was reported in aggregate for multiple functions

Table 29. Estimated TIM Resource Costs for Vehicle/Debris Removal – Developing TIM Programs

VEHICLE/DEBRIS REMOVAL	Estimated Mean Cost	LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS		SALEM, NEW HAMPSHIRE		ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO		OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA		CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE
		Time	Cost	Time	Cost	Time	Cost	Time	Cost	Time	Cost
PERSONNEL	($/hr)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)
Law Enforcement
Trooper/Officer (1)	$26.75							10	$4.46
Subtotal		-	-	-	-	-	-	10	$4.46	-	-
Transportation
Service Patrol Operator (1)	$24.50	-	-					-	-	<30	<$12.25
Subtotal		-	-					-	-	<30	<$12.25
PERSONNEL TOTAL										<30	<$12.25
EQUIPMENT/TECHNOLOGY	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)	(min)	($)
Law Enforcement
Cruiser/Light Bar/Push Bumper (1)	$41,400	<10	$41,400
Subtotal		<10	$41,400	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Transportation
Pickup/Arrow Board/Push Bumper (1)	$35,240									<30	$35,240
Subtotal		-	-					-	-	<30	$35,240
EQUIPMENT/TECHNOLOGY TOTAL										<30	$35,240

< indicates that the service time was reported in aggregate for multiple functions