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Table of Contents

Lessons Learned From International Experience in Congestion Pricing

Foreword

Notice

This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for the use of the information contained in this document. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation.

The U.S. Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trademarks or manufacturers’ names may appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the objective of the document.

Quality Assurance Statement

The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) provides high-quality information to serve Government, industry, and the public in a manner that promotes public understanding. Standards and policies are used to ensure and maximize the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of its information. FHWA periodically reviews quality issues and adjusts its programs and processes to ensure continuous quality improvement.

Technical Report Documentation Page

1. Report No.

FHWA-HOP-08-047

2. Government Accession No.

3. Recipient’s Catalog No.

4. Title and Subtitle

Lessons Learned From International Experience in Congestion Pricing

5. Report Date

August 2008

 
6. Performing Organization Code

7. Author(s)

Kiran Bhatt and Thomas Higgins (with contributions from John T. Berg)

8. Performing Organization Report No.

9. Performing Organization Name and Address

K.T. Analytics, Inc.
6304 Haviland Drive
Bethesda, Maryland 20817

10. Work Unit No.

11. Contract or Grant No.

 

12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address

 

13. Type of Report and Period Covered

 

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

 

15. Supplementary Notes

 

16. Abstract

Large road pricing projects have been implemented in U.K., France, Norway, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, Singapore and Australia over the past three decades. Additionally, congestion pricing has been analyzed and evaluated through numerous studies in nearly all EU member countries, in Southeast Asia, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.

To further understanding of international pricing, “Lessons Learned from International Experience in Congestion Pricing” provides a summary of selected operational areawide congestion pricing projects outside of the U.S. The report draws lessons from a sample of projects with the richest and most relevant experience, focusing on three comprehensive area wide projects: Singapore, London and Stockholm. Each received in depth attention during planning, design, implementation and operational phases and have been monitored and evaluated carefully. These projects should be of particular interest now that several U.S. cities are beginning to examine similar area wide pricing strategies to address congestion, environmental, energy and funding problems in heavily congested downtown areas.

In addition to the lessons derived from the three key projects, this report includes a summary of available overseas literature on more than the three specific projects, including attention to equity, economic impacts and the acceptability of congestion pricing. Research on acceptability is especially detailed in Europe and United Kingdom and provides valuable lessons for U.S. cities interested in pursuing such policies. The report concludes with overall findings and lessons related to travel, costs and revenues, equity and economic impacts, environmental impacts; and public acceptance.

 

17. Key Words

Areawide Pricing, Congestion Pricing, London Congestion Charging, Road Pricing in Stockholm, Singapore Area Licensing Scheme, Electronic Road Pricing, Impacts of Pricing, Equity and Acceptability of Pricing, Pricing Program Costs and Revenues, Economic impacts of Congestion Pricing

18. Distribution Statement

 

19. Security Classif. (of this report)

 

20. Security Classif.
(of this page)

 

21. No of Pages

 

22. Price

 

Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72)                                                                       Reproduction of completed pages authorized

 

Metric Conversion Factors
(International System of Units)

APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS TO SI UNITS
SYMBOL WHEN YOU KNOW MULTIPLY BY TO FIND SYMBOL
LENGTH
in inches 25.4 millimeters mm
ft feet 0.305 meters m
yd yards 0.914 meters m
mi miles 1.61 kilometers km
AREA
in2 square inches 645.2 square millimeters mm2
ft2 square feet 0.093 square meters m2
yd2 square yard 0.836 square meters m2
ac acres 0.405 hectares ha
mi2 square miles 2.59 square kilometers km2
VOLUME
fl oz fluid ounces 29.57 milliliters mL
gal gallons 3.785 liters L
ft3 cubic feet 0.028 cubic meters m3
yd3 cubic yards 0.765 cubic meters m3

NOTE: volumes greater than 1000 L shall be shown in m3
MASS
oz ounces 28.35 grams g
lb pounds 0.454 kilograms kg
T short tons (2000 lb) 0.907 megagrams (or "metric ton") Mg (or "t")
TEMPERATURE (exact degrees)
oF Fahrenheit 5 (F-32)/9
or (F-32)/1.8		 Celsius oC
ILLUMINATION
fc foot-candles 10.76 lux lx
fl foot-Lamberts 3.426 candela/m2 cd/m2
FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS
lbf poundforce 4.45 newtons N
lbf/in2 poundforce per square inch 6.89 kilopascals kPa


APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS FROM SI UNITS
SYMBOL WHEN YOU KNOW MULTIPLY BY TO FIND SYMBOL
LENGTH
mm millimeters 0.039 inches in
m meters 3.28 feet ft
m meters 1.09 yards yd
km kilometers 0.621 miles mi
AREA
mm2 square millimeters 0.0016 square inches in2
m2 square meters 10.764 square feet ft2
m2 square meters 1.195 square yards yd2
ha hectares 2.47 acres ac
km2 square kilometers 0.386 square miles mi2
VOLUME
mL milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces fl oz
L liters 0.264 gallons gal
m3 cubic meters 35.314 cubic feet ft3
m3 cubic meters 1.307 cubic yards yd3
MASS
g grams 0.035 ounces oz
kg kilograms 2.202 pounds lb
Mg (or "t") megagrams (or "metric ton") 1.103 short tons (2000 lb) T

TEMPERATURE (exact degrees)
oC Celsius 1.8C+32 Fahrenheit oF
ILLUMINATION
lx lux 0.0929 foot-candles fc
cd/m2 candela/m2 0.2919 foot-Lamberts fl
FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS
N newtons 0.225 poundforce lbf
kPa kilopascals 0.145 poundforce per square inch lbf/in2